Refined unwrought lead

EU-27 trade, 2005–2025

EU-27 imports and exports – with non-EU countries or within the EU (arrivals reported by EU countries and their dispatches to other EU countries) – in tonnes, euro or as unit value; the current year – monthly data (incomplete year).

extra-EU imports extra-EU exports 2026* – data for 2026-01/2026-08 (incomplete year, hollow marker, no line)

Source: Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (class CN8 codes, EU-27); compiled by ai-waw.com – products dataset 2.2.
Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (annual data) – latest data: 2025; retrieved: 2026-11-04; next update: 2027-02 (period 2026)
Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (monthly data) – latest data: 2026-08 (intra-EU: 2026-07); retrieved: 2026-11-04; next update: 2026-11-13 (period 2026-09)

CSV (all years) JSON Metadata Link

Figure data (table)

EU-27 trade – Refined unwrought lead – extra-EU, tonnes of product mass

Year	extra-EU imports	extra-EU exports	Balance
2005	253,011	62,618	−190,393
2006	290,832	51,126	−239,706
2007	240,397	55,092	−185,305
2008	167,236	110,807	−56,430
2009	122,522	182,940	60,418
2010	137,693	167,582	29,890
2011	140,991	108,727	−32,263
2012	105,738	123,973	18,236
2013	89,079	120,402	31,323
2014	94,165	125,461	31,296
2015	92,014	134,693	42,679
2016	160,720	78,808	−81,913
2017	158,066	87,727	−70,339
2018	161,071	74,358	−86,713
2019	154,610	85,659	−68,950
2020	185,165	63,889	−121,276
2021	154,445	202,621	48,176
2022	188,618	67,496	−121,122
2023	248,363	51,907	−196,456
2024	163,949	114,343	−49,606
2025	135,906	84,931	−50,974
2026 2026-01/2026-08	94,774	41,092	−53,682

tonnes of product mass. Balance = exports − imports.

Class balance in the EU-27, 2025

EU-27 sold production (PRODCOM) and extra-EU imports make up supply; supply is apparent consumption plus extra-EU exports. Band widths are proportional to tonnes (one scale); intra-EU trade is a loop – it moves products between EU countries and does not change the EU-27 balance.

Source: Eurostat, PRODCOM DS-059358 and DS-059367, Comext DS-045409; compiled by ai-waw.com – products dataset 2.2. Production, imports, exports and apparent consumption – within PRODCOM code 24.43.11.30 (all classes of the code and the CN codes of its scope); intra-EU trade – the class CN codes. Production flag E – Eurostat estimate (E).
Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (annual data) – latest data: 2025; retrieved: 2026-11-04; next update: 2027-02 (period 2026)
Eurostat, PRODCOM DS-059358, DS-059367 – latest data: 2025; retrieved: 2026-11-04; next update: 2027-07 (period 2026)

CSV (all years) JSON Metadata Link

Figure data (table)

EU-27 balance – Refined unwrought lead, 2025

Balance item	Mass (t)
EU-27 sold production	1,050,810 (E)
Extra-EU imports	135,906
EU-27 supply	1,186,716
Extra-EU exports	84,931
Apparent consumption	1,101,785
Intra-EU trade (class)	414,237

PRODCOM production and apparent consumption

EU-27 sold production according to PRODCOM (codes 24.43.11.30) and apparent consumption = production + extra-EU imports − extra-EU exports. Eurostat flags above the bars: E – estimate, R – rounded value; C – confidential value (no bar, not filled in).

EU-27 sold production (t) Eurostat estimate (E) apparent consumption (t) E – Eurostat estimate, R – rounded, C – confidential (no bar), “–” – gap

Source: Eurostat, PRODCOM DS-059358 and DS-059367 (sold production), Comext DS-045409 (trade for apparent consumption); compiled by ai-waw.com – products dataset 2.2. Scope of PRODCOM code 24.43.11.30 (classes: Refined unwrought lead). Sold production (excluding production for own use). Years without figures – no EU-27 production (confidentiality, no code, unreliable value – X) or an ambiguous CN code.
Eurostat, PRODCOM DS-059358, DS-059367 – latest data: 2025; retrieved: 2026-11-04; next update: 2027-07 (period 2026)

CSV (all years) JSON Metadata Link

Figure data (table)

EU-27 sold production and apparent consumption – Refined unwrought lead, 2005–2025

Year	Sold production (t)	Quantity flag	Value (EUR)	Apparent consumption (t)
2005	gap		–	–
2006	760,845		824,516,093	1,000,551
2007	898,732		1,736,099,945	1,084,037
2008	933,756	R	1,587,695,920	990,186
2009	1,073,741	R	1,327,071,343	1,013,323
2010	1,004,848		1,584,091,782	974,959
2011	906,271	R	1,589,152,770	938,534
2012	865,180		1,406,916,560	846,944
2013	844,194	R	1,383,668,919	812,871
2014	871,992	R	1,270,240,891	840,696
2015	780,910	R	1,314,147,920	738,231
2016	781,138	R	1,264,743,164	863,050
2017	900,972	R	1,702,098,131	971,312
2018	815,786	R	1,524,379,725	902,498
2019	937,502	R	1,523,850,798	1,006,452
2020	898,595		1,444,852,405	1,019,871
2021	874,067		1,589,679,255	825,891
2022	1,020,000	R	1,796,094,710	1,141,122
2023	1,200,000	R	1,922,359,700	1,396,456
2024	1,040,000	R	1,974,015,695	1,089,606
2025	1,050,810	E	1,750,000,000	1,101,785

EU-27 countries, 2025

Mass balance of a country (exports − imports, all partners, including other EU countries) or the country share of exports or imports of the 27 EU countries. Plants of the class on a map – figure 8.

export surplus ≥ 38.7 thousand texport surplus 9,671 t–38.7 thousand texport surplus < 9,671 tbalance ≈ 0import surplus < 9,671 timport surplus 9,671 t–38.7 thousand timport surplus ≥ 38.7 thousand tno figure (confidential exports)non-EU countries

Source: Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (class CN8 codes, EU-27); compiled by ai-waw.com – products dataset 2.2. Trade of EU-27 countries with all partners (WORLD); share – of the 27-country total. Balance thresholds – 10% and 40% of the largest absolute balance. The country map uses the declarations of the country itself (its exports and imports), the flow map – import declarations of the partners (country of consignment); differences are asymmetries of intra-EU trade statistics (transit, triangular trade, confidentiality). Base map: Natural Earth (public domain), Lambert conformal conic projection.
Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (annual data) – latest data: 2025; retrieved: 2026-11-04; next update: 2027-02 (period 2026)

CSV (all years) JSON Metadata Link

Figure data (table)

EU-27 countries in the trade of the class – Refined unwrought lead, 2025

Country	Imports (t)	Exports (t)	Balance (t)	Share of EU-27 imports (%)	Share of EU-27 exports (%)	Intra-EU dispatches according to partner declarations (t)
Belgium	14,718	111,430	+96.7 thousand t	2.7	20.8	92,720
Bulgaria	20,693	115,200	+94.5 thousand t	3.8	21.5	55,834
Sweden	22	68,094	+68.1 thousand t	0.0	12.7	53,086
Estonia	0	9,892	+9,892 t	0.0	1.8	7,788
Ireland	957	7,764	+6,807 t	0.2	1.5	0
Croatia	82	6,417	+6,335 t	0.0	1.2	7,259
Austria	1,786	6,800	+5,015 t	0.3	1.3	10,388
France ‡	15,702	18,974	+3,273 t	2.9	3.5	40,954
Latvia ‡	398	503	+105 t	0.1	0.1	3,906
Cyprus	0	0	0 t	0.0	0.0	0
Malta	0	0	0 t	0.0	0.0	0
Denmark	96	44	−51.8 t	0.0	0.0	30
Slovakia ‡	145	4	−141 t	0.0	0.0	2,203
Netherlands ‡	2,458	1,685	−773 t	0.5	0.3	5,326
Romania	13,160	10,401	−2,758 t	2.4	1.9	7,101
Hungary	4,894	2	−4,893 t	0.9	0.0	38
Portugal	15,292	9,125	−6,167 t	2.8	1.7	16,844
Poland	41,508	33,486	−8,022 t	7.5	6.2	9,360
Finland	9,290	0	−9,290 t	1.7	0.0	0
Germany	125,572	98,436	−27.1 thousand t	22.8	18.4	55,203
Slovenia	29,343	521	−28.8 thousand t	5.3	0.1	174
Greece	44,550	14,294	−30.3 thousand t	8.1	2.7	12,443
Spain	56,680	7,894	−48.8 thousand t	10.3	1.5	5,928
Czechia	70,266	7,347	−62.9 thousand t	12.8	1.4	4,452
Italy ‡	82,475	7,902	−74.6 thousand t	15.0	1.5	22,686
Lithuania	0	confidential (C)	–	0.0	–	191
Luxembourg	60	confidential (C)	–	0.0	–	324

‡ dispatches in the import declarations of partners more than twice the own exports of the country (difference > 2 thousand t) – an asymmetry of intra-EU trade statistics

Intra-EU flows, 2025

Arcs run from the country of consignment to the country of destination (arrivals reported by an EU country by country of consignment); width proportional to the square root of mass.

Arc: consignment → destination20.0 thousand t5,000 t1,000 t

Source: Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (class CN8 codes, EU-27); compiled by ai-waw.com – products dataset 2.2. Arrivals of EU countries by country of consignment (EU-27 partners); pairs sorted by mass, descending. Arc width – proportional to the square root of mass (reference widths in the legend). The country map uses the declarations of the country itself (its exports and imports), the flow map – import declarations of the partners (country of consignment); differences are asymmetries of intra-EU trade statistics (transit, triangular trade, confidentiality). Base map: Natural Earth (public domain), Lambert conformal conic projection.
Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (annual data) – latest data: 2025; retrieved: 2026-11-04; next update: 2027-02 (period 2026)

CSV (all years) JSON Metadata Link

Figure data (table)

Intra-EU flows – Refined unwrought lead, 2025

Flow (consignment → destination)	Mass (t)	Value (EUR)
Belgium → Germany	47,616	92,054,802
France → Germany	31,743	62,395,659
Belgium → Italy	25,087	46,482,752
Bulgaria → Greece	24,292	46,798,215
Sweden → Czechia	20,877	40,061,806
Germany → Czechia	19,672	37,451,450
Portugal → Spain	16,844	30,870,963
Sweden → Italy	11,393	17,947,929
Sweden → Poland	11,313	21,436,916
Bulgaria → Slovenia	11,139	20,973,713
Germany → Poland	10,200	19,949,578
Greece → Italy	9,128	14,559,155
Bulgaria → Romania	9,020	17,881,578
Austria → Slovenia	8,550	16,044,263
Germany → Italy	7,347	13,411,420
Romania → Bulgaria	6,765	13,052,395
Italy → Czechia	6,310	12,104,444
Italy → Slovenia	5,985	11,359,271
Germany → Belgium	5,757	11,975,486
Belgium → Czechia	5,742	11,314,743
Spain → Italy	5,692	9,233,585
Germany → Portugal	5,595	11,047,520
Bulgaria → Czechia	5,205	9,763,441
Bulgaria → Italy	5,156	9,544,081
Belgium → France	5,040	8,123,197
Sweden → Belgium	4,981	8,953,676
Netherlands → Germany	4,290	8,574,403
Poland → Germany	4,103	7,970,565
Estonia → Poland	3,952	7,717,859
France → Italy	3,662	3,928,079
Belgium → Greece	3,579	8,193,497
Poland → Czechia	3,560	6,972,242
Estonia → Czechia	3,380	6,350,727
Belgium → Spain	3,118	5,607,245
France → Spain	3,047	5,004,429
Croatia → Poland	3,033	6,070,436
Italy → Poland	2,925	5,701,868
Sweden → Germany	2,865	5,427,600
Germany → Slovenia	2,565	4,820,940
Italy → Bulgaria	2,558	4,826,577
Croatia → Czechia	2,229	4,238,414
Slovakia → Czechia	2,154	4,202,385
Latvia → Poland	1,855	3,561,315
Latvia → Germany	1,814	3,445,445
Greece → Germany	1,753	3,535,616
Germany → Spain	1,705	3,323,285
Greece → Romania	1,551	2,971,035
Austria → Hungary	1,486	3,069,589
Italy → Germany	1,455	2,937,853
Sweden → Spain	1,355	1,463,602
Croatia → Italy	1,319	2,595,747
Italy → Greece	1,307	2,304,184
Czechia → Poland	1,301	2,494,067

Non-EU partners, 2025

The ten largest non-EU suppliers and customers; arrows from the partner to the EU (imports) or from the EU to the partner (exports), width proportional to the square root of mass.

1. United Kingdom · 63.3 thousand t
2. Lebanon* · 39.1 thousand t
3. Serbia · 11.9 thousand t
4. Türkiye · 4,644 t
5. Jordan* · 3,800 t
6. Mexico* · 2,136 t
7. Ukraine · 1,757 t
8. Israel* · 1,738 t
9. Ghana* · 1,138 t
10. Albania · 1,079 t

Arrow from/to the EU-27 point (notional centre of the EU area); number – rank and mass50.0 thousand t10.0 thousand t2,000 t * country outside the frame – notional point on the map edge in the direction from the EU; arrow direction notional

Source: Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (class CN8 codes, EU-27); compiled by ai-waw.com – products dataset 2.2. Shares and concentration – of extra-EU trade mass (including unspecified partners). Base map: Natural Earth (public domain), Lambert conformal conic projection.
Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (annual data) – latest data: 2025; retrieved: 2026-11-04; next update: 2027-02 (period 2026)

CSV (all years) JSON Metadata Link

Figure data (table)

EU-27 imports by country of origin – Refined unwrought lead, 2025

#	Country	Mass (t)	Value (EUR)	Share (%)
1	United Kingdom	63,326	130,736,005	46.6
2	Lebanon	39,086	76,376,556	28.8
3	Serbia	11,870	23,324,995	8.7
4	Türkiye	4,644	9,518,238	3.4
5	Jordan	3,800	7,307,432	2.8
6	Mexico	2,136	3,996,550	1.6
7	Ukraine	1,757	3,259,633	1.3
8	Israel	1,738	3,613,966	1.3
9	Ghana	1,138	2,044,471	0.8
10	Albania	1,079	2,909,735	0.8

Product chain

Place of the class in the processing chain: unwrought metal, preceding classes, the class, following classes and scrap. Nodes are classes of the dictionary (links); the current class – in the accent colour.

The scheme orders the classes of the dictionary by processing stage (family rules in the portal code: same material, a derived product after the non-derived one; links named explicitly – e.g. cans from can stock, die castings from casting alloys, coated steel from galvanizing alloys, lead sheet and oxides from refined lead, lead-acid batteries from lead alloys and lead oxide); an arrow does not mean deliveries between specific plants. Feed and scrap – CN headings of the metal, not dictionary classes (lead – scrap only: unwrought lead is in the dictionary classes).

CSV (all years) JSON Metadata Link

Figure data (table)

Product chain – Refined unwrought lead

Name	Stage	CN
Refined unwrought lead	Class	7801 10 00
Lead plates, sheets, strip and foil	Following classes	7804 11 00 7804 19 00
Lead powders and flakes	Following classes	7804 20 00
Other articles of lead (pipes, bars, wire, shielding, anodes)	Following classes	7806 00 10 7806 00 80
Lead oxides (litharge, red lead)	Following classes	2824 10 00 2824 90 00
lead scrap	Scrap	7802

Figure 8. Map of plants

Source: ai-waw.com Companies register (entries from primary documents), as of 2026-11-04, version 2.49. plants without coordinates are not on the map. Base map: Natural Earth (public domain). Location of some plants: © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL).

CSV (all years) JSON Metadata

Producers

Each entry from a primary document (class A/B/C and document page), with the verification date and the entity controlling the plant (GLEIF Level 2 or company documents).

18

producing plants (incl. outside the EU) of which in the EU-27: 15

18

companies

12

countries

0.0%

non-EU control – plants in the EU-27

≥ 100kt

documented capacity (lower bound)

Corporate groups (a company without a group counted separately): 18
Non-EU control – plants in the EU-27: 0 of 10 plants with an established controller (15 of 18 producing plants are in the EU-27; plants outside the EU are out of scope of the indicator; ownership control logic and area).
Documented capacity: 100 kt at 1 of 18 plants (5.6%) – a lower bound: the other plants do not state a capacity for this class.

Compare the first 5 producers

Plant country all BelgiumBulgariaCzechiaEstoniaGermanyGreeceItalyPolandSpainSwedenTürkiyeUnited Kingdom

Entry status all producedplanned productionproduction ended

Ownership control all controller in the EU-27controller outside the EUcontroller not established

Capacity from a document all statednot stated

Show

Alloys and standards

Materials, product standards and synonyms of this class from the alloy and standard glossary.

Materials

Product standards

• ASTM B29 Standard Specification for Refined Lead

Synonyms

PL

ołów rafinowany

EN

refined lead · refined unwrought lead

DE

Blei, raffiniert, in Rohform (CN label (DE))

Full alloy and standard glossary →

Related

• Country lead flow analyses: Lead Flows in Poland
• Ownership control of the producers: Ownership control (product filter)
• Companies list and map filtered to this class: Companies
• Production technologies: charge and melt analysis · melting and casting · protective atmospheres, gases and utilities · smelting and refining · scrap recycling and sorting A picture of the supply market – not a commercial recommendation.

Data freshness

Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (annual data)

latest data: 2025 · retrieved: 2026-11-04 · next update: 2027-02 (period 2026) full year 2026 – after the December data release (February 2027); annual data may be revised in later releases

Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (monthly data)

latest data: 2026-08 (intra-EU: 2026-07) · retrieved: 2026-11-04 · next update: 2026-11-13 (period 2026-09)

Eurostat, PRODCOM DS-059358, DS-059367

latest data: 2025 · retrieved: 2026-11-04 · next update: 2027-07 (period 2026) first release of annual data in mid-July of the following year; revisions – mid-month (ESMS metadata prom_esms, item 8.1)

How to cite

Method note

Entry only from a primary document

A class is assigned to a plant only when a primary document names it – a product data sheet, an annual report, a register or a company page describing the product – with the document page and a reliability class (A, B or C). Press and company directories without a company document are not a basis for an entry.

Assignment from a location document

When a company document describes the product and only a location page points to the plant, the assignment of the product to the plant is an inference – the source then has class C and the entry awaits confirmation by a plant document.

“Full range” is not an entry

A general claim (“full range of copper products”) without the class, dimensions or alloys does not create an entry. A plant without an entry may make the class – the register does not know.

Capacity only from a document

Class capacity (kt) – only when a document states it; no estimates and no split of a whole plant’s capacity into classes. The sum covers only plants with a stated capacity and is a lower bound – always given with the number of plants it covers.

Entry status

Produced, planned production (investment announced in a document), production ended. A closed plant – production ended. Key figures – “produced” only.

Ownership control

The entity controlling the plant and its country – as in Ownership control (GLEIF Level 2, GLEIF exceptions, groups from company documents). The non-EU share is computed only among producers located in the EU-27 with an established controller (as the default area of Ownership control); a plant outside the EU – e.g. in Türkiye, the United Kingdom, Switzerland or Serbia – is out of scope of the indicator, although it counts among plants and countries.

Trade and production

Eurostat Comext: EU-27 extra-EU and intra-EU trade (arrivals reported by EU countries), CN codes of the class (sum of the codes), tonnes and euro, 2005–2025 plus the current incomplete year (hollow marker, no line); sold production – PRODCOM (a code may cover several classes); apparent consumption = production + extra-EU imports − extra-EU exports within the PRODCOM code scope. A CN code may cover products of other classes (e.g. rods and sections in one code) – trade describes CN codes, not the plants of the register.

Metals kept apart

Each class belongs to one metal (aluminium, copper, lead, zinc). Each metal has its own page; the metals share a family layout – five semi-finished product families (wire rod and wire; bars and sections; plate, sheet and strip; foil; tubes), families outside semi-finished products (unwrought alloys – feedstock, powders and dust, chemical compounds, anodes and other articles – currently zinc and lead only; unwrought metal – refined lead) and derived products; split by material within a family. A family without classes of a metal shows “–” with a description in the comparison table. Header figures and trade totals are given separately for each metal – tonnes of different metals are never added up. Derived products (e.g. winding wire, structures, cans, stranded wire, zinc-coated steel, die castings) are marked and are not semi-finished products; tonnes of coated steel are the mass of the product, not of zinc, and tonnes of lead-acid batteries are battery mass, not lead. A class outside the metal trade total (coated steel, zinc oxide, die castings without a CN code, lead oxides, batteries) carries a note with the reason.

Counterpart in the other metal

A copper ↔ aluminium substitution pair (e.g. wire, coiled tubes, strip, stranded wire) comes from the dictionary field or from the portal map of pairs. The comparison shows the figures of both classes side by side, without a total, and the application sentence has no figures; a pair does not mean interchangeability in every application.

Links by metal

Copper classes have a form in the R02 forecast and the EU copper flow analysis; aluminium classes – the EU aluminium flow analysis and the country analyses; zinc classes – the EU zinc flow analysis and the country analysis for Poland; lead classes – the country analysis for Poland (the R01 and R02 forecasts cover copper only). An analysis link given with the class takes precedence.

Dataset scope

The dataset covers copper and aluminium semi-finished products and their alloys, and zinc products (titanium-zinc sheet, unwrought alloys, powders and dust, anodes, derived products) and lead products (refined lead, unwrought alloys, sheet, powders, other articles, lead oxides and lead-acid batteries) at plants of the Companies register. Counts of plants, countries and groups and the capacity sum are a lower bound of the market – they grow with further documents.

Pages and Markdown are open to text and data mining with attribution; JSON data – like the other JSON data of the register – are reserved as a database compilation. Trade data: Eurostat (reuse with attribution).

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