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Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary)

derived product Derived product (lead oxides, lead-acid batteries – articles containing lead) – not a CN chapter 78 lead product; plants and trade of the class are given separately, never combined with lead tonnes.

Product mass Article containing lead – lead-acid batteries: trade tonnes are the mass of the batteries (including cases and electrolyte), not their lead content; they are neither compared with nor added to lead tonnes.

Article containing lead (derived): lead-acid batteries other than starter batteries – e.g. traction (forklifts, electric vehicles), stationary (standby power, energy storage) and others; working with liquid electrolyte (8507 20 20) and others (8507 20 80). Trade mass is the mass of batteries, not of lead – outside the lead articles trade total; the PRODCOM quantity is not a mass. Excluding spent batteries (scrap).

Metal
Lead
CN
8507 20 20 8507 20 80
PRODCOM
27.20.22.31 27.20.22.41

Key figures of the class, 2025

Extra-EU imports, 2025 302 thousand t EUR 979 million
Extra-EU exports, 2025 205 thousand t EUR 887 million
Intra-EU arrivals, 2025 491 thousand t EUR 1.74 billion arrivals reported by EU countries; intra-EU dispatches: 520 thousand t
EU-27 production (PRODCOM), 2025 – EUR 1.35 billion no figure (a gap, not zero)
Plants and countries 2 plants countries: 1 producing plants according to primary documents (a lower bound)
Rank among lead classes, 2025 – class outside the metal trade total – no rank

from the data In 2025 EU-27 imports from outside the EU amounted to 302 thousand t (EUR 979 million) and exports to 205 thousand t (EUR 887 million); the mass balance was −96.3 thousand t (import surplus). Intra-EU arrivals (reported by EU countries) – 491 thousand t. Main non-EU suppliers: China (35.1%), Vietnam (26.1%) and United Arab Emirates (9.2%). Main non-EU customers: United States (18.1%), United Kingdom (15.9%) and Türkiye (6.2%). Between 2015 and 2025 import mass changed by +14.7% and export mass by +6.7%. EU-27 sold production value according to PRODCOM (codes 27.20.22.31, 27.20.22.41) in 2025: EUR 1.35 billion; quantity – confidential or not available.

Data as of: · version 2.49 · verified at source up to · Dataset changes · Markdown · JSON

Products dataset: 2.2 (4 November 2026), class revision 1 · How to cite

EU-27 trade, 2005–2025

EU-27 imports and exports – with non-EU countries or within the EU (arrivals reported by EU countries and their dispatches to other EU countries) – in tonnes, euro or as unit value; the current year – monthly data (incomplete year).

TonnesEUREUR/t
extra-EUintra-EU
linear scalelog scale
Figure 1. EU-27 trade – Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary) extra-EU · tonnes of product mass · linear scale
EU-27 trade – Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary) – extra-EU, tonnes of product mass extra-EU trade (tonnes of product mass): imports 136 thousand t in 2005 and 302 thousand t in 2025; exports 114 thousand t in 2005 and 205 thousand t in 2025. 0 100k 200k 300k 400k 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2026* extra-EU exports, 2005: 114 thousand textra-EU exports, 2006: 114 thousand textra-EU exports, 2007: 122 thousand textra-EU exports, 2008: 120 thousand textra-EU exports, 2009: 132 thousand textra-EU exports, 2010: 139 thousand textra-EU exports, 2011: 153 thousand textra-EU exports, 2012: 159 thousand textra-EU exports, 2013: 172 thousand textra-EU exports, 2014: 179 thousand textra-EU exports, 2015: 192 thousand textra-EU exports, 2016: 195 thousand textra-EU exports, 2017: 220 thousand textra-EU exports, 2018: 272 thousand textra-EU exports, 2019: 306 thousand textra-EU exports, 2020: 309 thousand textra-EU exports, 2021: 325 thousand textra-EU exports, 2022: 246 thousand textra-EU exports, 2023: 221 thousand textra-EU exports, 2024: 215 thousand textra-EU exports, 2025: 205 thousand textra-EU exports, 2026-01/2026-08: 135 thousand t extra-EU imports, 2005: 136 thousand textra-EU imports, 2006: 137 thousand textra-EU imports, 2007: 161 thousand textra-EU imports, 2008: 156 thousand textra-EU imports, 2009: 127 thousand textra-EU imports, 2010: 153 thousand textra-EU imports, 2011: 169 thousand textra-EU imports, 2012: 182 thousand textra-EU imports, 2013: 219 thousand textra-EU imports, 2014: 260 thousand textra-EU imports, 2015: 263 thousand textra-EU imports, 2016: 270 thousand textra-EU imports, 2017: 286 thousand textra-EU imports, 2018: 318 thousand textra-EU imports, 2019: 343 thousand textra-EU imports, 2020: 321 thousand textra-EU imports, 2021: 394 thousand textra-EU imports, 2022: 327 thousand textra-EU imports, 2023: 265 thousand textra-EU imports, 2024: 294 thousand textra-EU imports, 2025: 302 thousand textra-EU imports, 2026-01/2026-08: 212 thousand t

extra-EU imports extra-EU exports 2026* – data for 2026-01/2026-08 (incomplete year, hollow marker, no line)

Source: Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (class CN8 codes, EU-27); compiled by ai-waw.com – products dataset 2.2.
Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (annual data) – latest data: 2025; retrieved: 2026-11-04; next update: 2027-02 (period 2026)
Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (monthly data) – latest data: 2026-08 (intra-EU: 2026-07); retrieved: 2026-11-04; next update: 2026-11-13 (period 2026-09)

CSV (all years) JSON Metadata Link
Figure data (table)
EU-27 trade – Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary) – extra-EU, tonnes of product mass
Yearextra-EU importsextra-EU exports Balance
2005 135,860114,425 −21,434
2006 137,283113,987 −23,295
2007 160,569121,955 −38,614
2008 155,568119,503 −36,065
2009 126,772132,287 5,515
2010 152,560139,434 −13,126
2011 168,550152,985 −15,566
2012 181,678158,868 −22,809
2013 218,698171,634 −47,063
2014 260,001179,166 −80,834
2015 262,948192,429 −70,519
2016 270,318195,497 −74,821
2017 286,491219,573 −66,918
2018 317,716271,996 −45,720
2019 342,674305,809 −36,865
2020 321,100308,601 −12,499
2021 393,794324,756 −69,038
2022 326,511245,553 −80,958
2023 264,672220,987 −43,685
2024 293,785215,495 −78,290
2025 301,689205,373 −96,316
2026 2026-01/2026-08 211,744135,361 −76,383

tonnes of product mass. Balance = exports − imports.

PRODCOM production and apparent consumption

EU-27 sold production according to PRODCOM (codes 27.20.22.31, 27.20.22.41) and apparent consumption = production + extra-EU imports − extra-EU exports. Eurostat flags above the bars: E – estimate, R – rounded value; C – confidential value (no bar, not filled in).

Figure 2. EU-27 sold production and apparent consumption – Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary), 2005–2025 cells
EU-27 sold production and apparent consumption – Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary), 2005–2025 EU-27 sold production (PRODCOM 27.20.22.31, 27.20.22.41): 21.3 million cells in 2019, – in 2025. 0 5m 10m 15m 20m 25m 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2005: gap– 2006: gap– 2007: gap– 2008: gap– 2009: gap– 2010: gap– 2011: gap– 2012: gap– 2013: gap– 2014: gap– 2015: gap– 2016: gap– 2017: gap– 2018: gap– 2019: 21.3 million cells (Eurostat estimate (E)) 2020: 17.2 million cells (Eurostat estimate (E)) 2021: 19.2 million cells (Eurostat estimate (E); value rounded by Eurostat (R)) 2022: 20.5 million cells (Eurostat estimate (E); value rounded by Eurostat (R)) 2023: 18.6 million cells (value rounded by Eurostat (R)) 2024: 16.4 million cells (Eurostat estimate (E); value rounded by Eurostat (R)) 2025: gap– E E E R E R R E R

EU-27 sold production (cells) Eurostat estimate (E) E – Eurostat estimate, R – rounded, C – confidential (no bar), “–” – gap

Source: Eurostat, PRODCOM DS-059358 and DS-059367 (sold production), Comext DS-045409 (trade for apparent consumption); compiled by ai-waw.com – products dataset 2.2. Apparent consumption not computed: PRODCOM quantity in a non-mass unit (ce/el) – not converted to tonnes.
Eurostat, PRODCOM DS-059358, DS-059367 – latest data: 2025; retrieved: 2026-11-04; next update: 2027-07 (period 2026)

CSV (all years) JSON Metadata Link
Figure data (table)
EU-27 sold production and apparent consumption – Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary), 2005–2025
YearSold production (cells)Quantity flag Value (EUR)Apparent consumption (t)
2005 gap – –
2006 gap – –
2007 gap – –
2008 gap – –
2009 gap – –
2010 gap – –
2011 gap – –
2012 gap – –
2013 gap – –
2014 gap – –
2015 gap – –
2016 gap – –
2017 gap – –
2018 gap – –
2019 21,281,425 E 1,388,380,431 –
2020 17,230,044 E 1,173,653,670 –
2021 19,160,107 ER 1,468,563,528 –
2022 20,471,353 ER 1,574,315,924 –
2023 18,600,000 R 1,520,000,000 –
2024 16,367,544 ER 1,477,814,418 –
2025 gap 1,350,000,000 –

EU-27 countries, 2025

Mass balance of a country (exports − imports, all partners, including other EU countries) or the country share of exports or imports of the 27 EU countries. Plants of the class on a map – figure 7.

Mass balanceShare of exportsShare of imports
20252015
Figure 3. EU-27 countries in the trade of the class – Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary), 2025 Mass balance
EU-27 countries in the trade of the class – Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary), 2025 – Mass balance Mass balance of EU-27 countries in 2025: largest export surplus – Greece (+104 thousand t), largest import surplus – Netherlands (−50.5 thousand t). Sweden: balance −24.9 thousand t (exports 9,545 t, imports 34.4 thousand t)Spain: balance +176 t (exports 47.0 thousand t, imports 46.8 thousand t)Slovakia: balance −3,893 t (exports 1,134 t, imports 5,027 t)Slovenia: balance +37.1 thousand t (exports 45.9 thousand t, imports 8,763 t)Romania: balance −9,037 t (exports 668 t, imports 9,705 t)Portugal: balance +29.6 thousand t (exports 35.7 thousand t, imports 6,053 t)Poland: balance +52.4 thousand t (exports 87.2 thousand t, imports 34.8 thousand t)Netherlands: balance −50.5 thousand t (exports 87.8 thousand t, imports 138 thousand t)Malta: balance −262 t (exports 0 t, imports 262 t)Luxembourg: balance −1,173 t (exports 67.9 t, imports 1,241 t)Lithuania: balance −1,408 t (exports 241 t, imports 1,649 t)Latvia: balance −565 t (exports 87.7 t, imports 653 t)Italy: balance −43.3 thousand t (exports 51.0 thousand t, imports 94.3 thousand t)Ireland: balance −27.6 thousand t (exports 407 t, imports 28.0 thousand t)Hungary: balance −7,361 t (exports 6,958 t, imports 14.3 thousand t)Greece: balance +104 thousand t (exports 114 thousand t, imports 9,508 t)Germany: balance −50.3 thousand t (exports 122 thousand t, imports 173 thousand t)France: balance +3,838 t (exports 74.8 thousand t, imports 70.9 thousand t)Finland: balance −6,182 t (exports 4,977 t, imports 11.2 thousand t)Estonia: balance −4,009 t (exports 103 t, imports 4,111 t)Denmark: balance −11.2 thousand t (exports 3,792 t, imports 15.0 thousand t)Czechia: balance −16.2 thousand t (exports 4,849 t, imports 21.0 thousand t)Cyprus: balance −1,729 t (exports 1.1 t, imports 1,731 t)Croatia: balance −3,107 t (exports 591 t, imports 3,698 t)Bulgaria: balance +7,610 t (exports 10.5 thousand t, imports 2,860 t)Belgium: balance −30.3 thousand t (exports 10.9 thousand t, imports 41.2 thousand t)Austria: balance −8,901 t (exports 5,254 t, imports 14.2 thousand t) Luxembourg: balance −1,173 t (exports 67.9 t, imports 1,241 t)LUMalta: balance −262 t (exports 0 t, imports 262 t)MTCyprus: balance −1,729 t (exports 1.1 t, imports 1,731 t)CY Mass balance, 2025 export surplus ≥ 41.7 thousand t export surplus 10.4 thousand t–41.7 thousand t export surplus < 10.4 thousand t balance ≈ 0 import surplus < 10.4 thousand t import surplus 10.4 thousand t–41.7 thousand t import surplus ≥ 41.7 thousand t non-EU countries

export surplus ≥ 41.7 thousand texport surplus 10.4 thousand t–41.7 thousand texport surplus < 10.4 thousand tbalance ≈ 0import surplus < 10.4 thousand timport surplus 10.4 thousand t–41.7 thousand timport surplus ≥ 41.7 thousand tnon-EU countries

Source: Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (class CN8 codes, EU-27); compiled by ai-waw.com – products dataset 2.2. Trade of EU-27 countries with all partners (WORLD); share – of the 27-country total. Balance thresholds – 10% and 40% of the largest absolute balance. The country map uses the declarations of the country itself (its exports and imports), the flow map – import declarations of the partners (country of consignment); differences are asymmetries of intra-EU trade statistics (transit, triangular trade, confidentiality). Base map: Natural Earth (public domain), Lambert conformal conic projection.
Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (annual data) – latest data: 2025; retrieved: 2026-11-04; next update: 2027-02 (period 2026)

CSV (all years) JSON Metadata Link
Figure data (table)
EU-27 countries in the trade of the class – Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary), 2025
CountryImports (t)Exports (t) Balance (t)Share of EU-27 imports (%)Share of EU-27 exports (%) Intra-EU dispatches according to partner declarations (t)
Greece9,508113,824 +104 thousand t1.215.7 73,945
Poland34,80887,165 +52.4 thousand t4.412.0 52,539
Slovenia8,76345,874 +37.1 thousand t1.16.3 32,457
Portugal6,05335,699 +29.6 thousand t0.84.9 26,341
Bulgaria2,86010,470 +7,610 t0.41.4 8,278
France70,94774,785 +3,838 t9.010.3 30,229
Spain46,80846,984 +176 t5.96.5 27,052
Malta2620 −262 t0.00.0 1
Latvia65388 −565 t0.10.0 49
Luxembourg1,24168 −1,173 t0.20.0 18
Lithuania1,649241 −1,408 t0.20.0 184
Cyprus1,7311 −1,729 t0.20.0 45
Croatia3,698591 −3,107 t0.50.1 146
Slovakia5,0271,134 −3,893 t0.60.2 513
Estonia4,111103 −4,009 t0.50.0 72
Finland11,1584,977 −6,182 t1.40.7 3,984
Hungary14,3196,958 −7,361 t1.81.0 5,290
Austria14,1555,254 −8,901 t1.80.7 5,085
Romania9,705668 −9,037 t1.20.1 416
Denmark14,9513,792 −11.2 thousand t1.90.5 4,314
Czechia21,0014,849 −16.2 thousand t2.70.7 3,259
Sweden34,4429,545 −24.9 thousand t4.41.3 13,396
Ireland ‡27,982407 −27.6 thousand t3.50.1 2,788
Belgium ‡41,22210,880 −30.3 thousand t5.21.5 54,365
Italy94,28951,017 −43.3 thousand t11.97.0 29,768
Germany172,681122,341 −50.3 thousand t21.816.9 79,315
Netherlands138,28787,798 −50.5 thousand t17.512.1 36,757

‡ dispatches in the import declarations of partners more than twice the own exports of the country (difference > 2 thousand t) – an asymmetry of intra-EU trade statistics

Intra-EU flows, 2025

Arcs run from the country of consignment to the country of destination (arrivals reported by an EU country by country of consignment); width proportional to the square root of mass.

20252015
Figure 4. Intra-EU flows – Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary), 2025 138 of 531 flows shown (95.1% of mass)
Intra-EU flows – Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary), 2025 Intra-EU trade in 2025: total 491 thousand t; largest flow – Greece → Germany (51.8 thousand t). 138 of 531 flows shown (95.1% of mass) Greece → Germany: 51.8 thousand t (EUR 162 million)Belgium → Netherlands: 28.7 thousand t (EUR 14.4 million)Belgium → Ireland: 18.5 thousand t (EUR 401 thousand)Poland → Italy: 16.6 thousand t (EUR 55.0 million)Netherlands → Germany: 15.6 thousand t (EUR 66.2 million)Germany → Netherlands: 15.5 thousand t (EUR 43.6 million)Portugal → Germany: 12.0 thousand t (EUR 36.2 million)Poland → Germany: 11.7 thousand t (EUR 49.7 million)Slovenia → Italy: 10.4 thousand t (EUR 28.8 million)Germany → Italy: 8,214 t (EUR 33.6 million)Germany → Belgium: 8,048 t (EUR 21.7 million)Spain → Sweden: 7,961 t (EUR 26.6 million)France → Germany: 7,467 t (EUR 35.6 million)Germany → Czechia: 7,076 t (EUR 38.4 million)Portugal → France: 6,743 t (EUR 19.6 million)Germany → France: 6,625 t (EUR 30.1 million)Slovenia → Spain: 6,446 t (EUR 17.1 million)Spain → Germany: 6,162 t (EUR 19.3 million)Sweden → Belgium: 5,994 t (EUR 37.7 million)Italy → Germany: 5,968 t (EUR 16.7 million)Germany → Spain: 5,376 t (EUR 27.0 million)Poland → Netherlands: 5,270 t (EUR 12.3 million)Greece → France: 5,260 t (EUR 20.6 million)Spain → France: 5,252 t (EUR 14.2 million)Germany → Poland: 5,124 t (EUR 28.6 million)Slovenia → Germany: 4,989 t (EUR 15.8 million)Germany → Sweden: 4,663 t (EUR 18.6 million)Germany → Hungary: 4,452 t (EUR 5.26 million)Germany → Austria: 4,371 t (EUR 22.2 million)Bulgaria → Italy: 4,356 t (EUR 12.9 million)France → Italy: 4,290 t (EUR 19.5 million)Greece → Italy: 4,258 t (EUR 20.9 million)Slovenia → Netherlands: 3,921 t (EUR 17.1 million)Italy → Hungary: 3,806 t (EUR 868 thousand)France → Belgium: 3,762 t (EUR 15.1 million)Netherlands → Belgium: 3,624 t (EUR 15.7 million)Finland → Estonia: 3,511 t (EUR 2.61 million)Netherlands → Italy: 3,436 t (EUR 15.6 million)Greece → Poland: 3,419 t (EUR 11.7 million)Poland → Sweden: 3,283 t (EUR 26.5 million)Portugal → Sweden: 3,094 t (EUR 9.77 million)Italy → France: 3,005 t (EUR 12.9 million)Italy → Spain: 2,980 t (EUR 9.54 million)Greece → Czechia: 2,980 t (EUR 9.92 million)Italy → Belgium: 2,895 t (EUR 19.4 million)Austria → Germany: 2,713 t (EUR 15.5 million)France → Spain: 2,704 t (EUR 13.0 million)France → Netherlands: 2,617 t (EUR 10.6 million)Slovenia → Poland: 2,518 t (EUR 7.71 million)Poland → Belgium: 2,496 t (EUR 10.2 million)Belgium → Denmark: 2,458 t (EUR 1.82 million)France → Poland: 2,435 t (EUR 13.0 million)Sweden → Denmark: 2,378 t (EUR 10.4 million)Poland → Spain: 2,306 t (EUR 8.66 million)Netherlands → France: 2,281 t (EUR 12.7 million)Spain → Finland: 2,214 t (EUR 6.72 million)Portugal → Spain: 2,186 t (EUR 6.29 million)Italy → Netherlands: 2,163 t (EUR 13.5 million)Italy → Sweden: 2,151 t (EUR 7.12 million)Spain → Portugal: 2,132 t (EUR 10.3 million)Poland → Austria: 2,081 t (EUR 8.19 million)Germany → Ireland: 2,020 t (EUR 3.34 million)Netherlands → Finland: 1,998 t (EUR 4.02 million)Poland → Hungary: 1,968 t (EUR 3.98 million)Netherlands → Spain: 1,900 t (EUR 9.76 million)Belgium → France: 1,846 t (EUR 7.85 million)Poland → France: 1,835 t (EUR 11.0 million)France → Sweden: 1,800 t (EUR 9.09 million)Greece → Spain: 1,652 t (EUR 4.92 million)Germany → Denmark: 1,515 t (EUR 9.02 million)Netherlands → Czechia: 1,509 t (EUR 5.56 million)Portugal → Netherlands: 1,439 t (EUR 4.04 million)Denmark → Belgium: 1,435 t (EUR 5.67 million)Germany → Slovakia: 1,388 t (EUR 5.56 million)Sweden → Finland: 1,293 t (EUR 4.15 million)Greece → Portugal: 1,288 t (EUR 3.76 million)Italy → Czechia: 1,262 t (EUR 5.58 million)France → Finland: 1,210 t (EUR 5.65 million)Netherlands → Poland: 1,200 t (EUR 7.38 million)Poland → Czechia: 1,184 t (EUR 4.93 million)Germany → Romania: 1,177 t (EUR 5.48 million)Denmark → Germany: 1,145 t (EUR 10.1 million)Spain → Poland: 1,128 t (EUR 2.84 million)Belgium → Germany: 1,093 t (EUR 5.39 million)Czechia → Slovakia: 1,091 t (EUR 4.58 million)Hungary → Italy: 1,089 t (EUR 3.77 million)Sweden → Poland: 1,039 t (EUR 17.7 million)Netherlands → Hungary: 997 t (EUR 1.34 million)Sweden → Czechia: 974 t (EUR 4.03 million)Spain → Netherlands: 932 t (EUR 3.89 million)Greece → Romania: 889 t (EUR 3.36 million)Hungary → Greece: 876 t (EUR 2.04 million)Greece → Netherlands: 876 t (EUR 3.93 million)Spain → Italy: 869 t (EUR 4.99 million)Germany → Finland: 841 t (EUR 4.68 million)Bulgaria → Germany: 835 t (EUR 2.75 million)Czechia → Germany: 835 t (EUR 8.07 million)Bulgaria → Sweden: 812 t (EUR 2.65 million)Sweden → Spain: 805 t (EUR 3.17 million)Italy → Romania: 789 t (EUR 3.83 million)Slovenia → Czechia: 776 t (EUR 2.42 million)Italy → Austria: 769 t (EUR 3.24 million)Hungary → Poland: 749 t (EUR 1.90 million)Greece → Belgium: 720 t (EUR 2.25 million)France → Denmark: 683 t (EUR 4.34 million)Slovenia → France: 668 t (EUR 2.21 million)France → Ireland: 663 t (EUR 3.31 million)Poland → Slovakia: 659 t (EUR 2.05 million)Netherlands → Croatia: 637 t (EUR 2.78 million)Netherlands → Sweden: 609 t (EUR 3.23 million)Belgium → Italy: 607 t (EUR 3.58 million)France → Austria: 593 t (EUR 2.54 million)Ireland → France: 575 t (EUR 5.06 million)Poland → Romania: 571 t (EUR 2.87 million)Germany → Slovenia: 551 t (EUR 2.74 million)Italy → Denmark: 539 t (EUR 2.79 million)Bulgaria → Romania: 535 t (EUR 1.92 million)Slovenia → Romania: 533 t (EUR 1.31 million)Italy → Greece: 532 t (EUR 4.09 million)Netherlands → Denmark: 522 t (EUR 3.12 million)Italy → Croatia: 511 t (EUR 1.89 million)Germany → Croatia: 505 t (EUR 2.40 million)Italy → Portugal: 504 t (EUR 2.21 million)Hungary → Belgium: 503 t (EUR 1.21 million)Hungary → Germany: 499 t (EUR 1.52 million)Poland → Lithuania: 499 t (EUR 1.81 million)Netherlands → Greece: 499 t (EUR 2.43 million)Ireland → Czechia: 486 t (EUR 9.50 million)Poland → Greece: 480 t (EUR 1.51 million)Bulgaria → Belgium: 464 t (EUR 810 thousand)Greece → Cyprus: 462 t (EUR 375 thousand)Poland → Finland: 460 t (EUR 1.74 million)Hungary → Czechia: 457 t (EUR 1.21 million)Slovenia → Belgium: 451 t (EUR 2.64 million)Denmark → Poland: 444 t (EUR 2.74 million)Belgium → Luxembourg: 438 t (EUR 1.17 million)Austria → Czechia: 435 t (EUR 2.02 million)Austria → Poland: 433 t (EUR 2.13 million) GreeceGRGermanyDEBelgiumBENetherlandsNLIrelandIEPolandPLItalyITPortugalPTSloveniaSISpainESSwedenSEFranceFRCzechiaCZHungaryHUAustriaATBulgariaBGFinlandFIEstoniaEEDenmarkDKSlovakiaSKRomaniaROCroatiaHRLithuaniaLTCyprusCYLuxembourgLU Arc: consignment → destination 138 of 531 flows shown (95.1% of mass) 50.0 thousand t 10.0 thousand t 2,000 t

Arc: consignment → destination50.0 thousand t10.0 thousand t2,000 t

Source: Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (class CN8 codes, EU-27); compiled by ai-waw.com – products dataset 2.2. Arrivals of EU countries by country of consignment (EU-27 partners); pairs sorted by mass, descending. Arrivals without a stated country of consignment (confidential): 16 t – not on the map. Arc width – proportional to the square root of mass (reference widths in the legend). The country map uses the declarations of the country itself (its exports and imports), the flow map – import declarations of the partners (country of consignment); differences are asymmetries of intra-EU trade statistics (transit, triangular trade, confidentiality). Base map: Natural Earth (public domain), Lambert conformal conic projection.
Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (annual data) – latest data: 2025; retrieved: 2026-11-04; next update: 2027-02 (period 2026)

CSV (all years) JSON Metadata Link
Figure data (table)
Intra-EU flows – Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary), 2025
Flow (consignment → destination)Mass (t)Value (EUR)
Greece → Germany51,817161,753,927
Belgium → Netherlands28,69414,416,396
Belgium → Ireland18,512400,583
Poland → Italy16,55454,961,830
Netherlands → Germany15,56366,174,158
Germany → Netherlands15,47643,641,729
Portugal → Germany11,98936,199,651
Poland → Germany11,66949,738,780
Slovenia → Italy10,41228,820,785
Germany → Italy8,21433,595,923
Germany → Belgium8,04821,680,942
Spain → Sweden7,96126,641,671
France → Germany7,46735,590,059
Germany → Czechia7,07638,363,434
Portugal → France6,74319,627,203
Germany → France6,62530,146,239
Slovenia → Spain6,44617,056,498
Spain → Germany6,16219,278,270
Sweden → Belgium5,99437,732,986
Italy → Germany5,96816,673,488
Germany → Spain5,37626,956,446
Poland → Netherlands5,27012,289,918
Greece → France5,26020,568,677
Spain → France5,25214,204,098
Germany → Poland5,12428,609,838
Slovenia → Germany4,98915,832,922
Germany → Sweden4,66318,560,679
Germany → Hungary4,4525,255,996
Germany → Austria4,37122,154,461
Bulgaria → Italy4,35612,882,424
France → Italy4,29019,501,006
Greece → Italy4,25820,874,168
Slovenia → Netherlands3,92117,128,897
Italy → Hungary3,806867,958
France → Belgium3,76215,060,393
Netherlands → Belgium3,62415,741,365
Finland → Estonia3,5112,608,647
Netherlands → Italy3,43615,612,252
Greece → Poland3,41911,677,123
Poland → Sweden3,28326,454,127
Portugal → Sweden3,0949,774,416
Italy → France3,00512,900,555
Italy → Spain2,9809,542,278
Greece → Czechia2,9809,922,824
Italy → Belgium2,89519,401,448
Austria → Germany2,71315,538,221
France → Spain2,70413,002,487
France → Netherlands2,61710,631,513
Slovenia → Poland2,5187,706,115
Poland → Belgium2,49610,155,963
Belgium → Denmark2,4581,815,057
France → Poland2,43512,988,940
Sweden → Denmark2,37810,438,210
Poland → Spain2,3068,664,695
Netherlands → France2,28112,747,375
Spain → Finland2,2146,715,232
Portugal → Spain2,1866,291,953
Italy → Netherlands2,16313,537,158
Italy → Sweden2,1517,120,165
Spain → Portugal2,13210,325,046
Poland → Austria2,0818,190,582
Germany → Ireland2,0203,335,489
Netherlands → Finland1,9984,022,691
Poland → Hungary1,9683,976,769
Netherlands → Spain1,9009,764,596
Belgium → France1,8467,847,370
Poland → France1,83510,980,356
France → Sweden1,8009,090,891
Greece → Spain1,6524,923,216
Germany → Denmark1,5159,023,921
Netherlands → Czechia1,5095,563,174
Portugal → Netherlands1,4394,039,123
Denmark → Belgium1,4355,667,286
Germany → Slovakia1,3885,563,707
Sweden → Finland1,2934,153,984
Greece → Portugal1,2883,756,521
Italy → Czechia1,2625,580,518
France → Finland1,2105,652,789
Netherlands → Poland1,2007,376,040
Poland → Czechia1,1844,932,259
Germany → Romania1,1775,482,769
Denmark → Germany1,14510,101,270
Spain → Poland1,1282,841,107
Belgium → Germany1,0935,394,784
Czechia → Slovakia1,0914,576,666
Hungary → Italy1,0893,769,277
Sweden → Poland1,03917,661,539
Netherlands → Hungary9971,343,685
Sweden → Czechia9744,028,521
Spain → Netherlands9323,888,068
Greece → Romania8893,357,956
Hungary → Greece8762,044,041
Greece → Netherlands8763,927,556
Spain → Italy8694,985,457
Germany → Finland8414,683,183
Bulgaria → Germany8352,745,505
Czechia → Germany8358,072,355
Bulgaria → Sweden8122,650,183
Sweden → Spain8053,168,564
Italy → Romania7893,825,925
Slovenia → Czechia7762,423,305
Italy → Austria7693,237,578
Hungary → Poland7491,902,895
Greece → Belgium7202,248,653
France → Denmark6834,339,572
Slovenia → France6682,211,108
France → Ireland6633,306,907
Poland → Slovakia6592,052,317
Netherlands → Croatia6372,781,940
Netherlands → Sweden6093,226,137
Belgium → Italy6073,576,320
France → Austria5932,540,964
Ireland → France5755,063,174
Poland → Romania5712,872,093
Germany → Slovenia5512,737,619
Italy → Denmark5392,790,585
Bulgaria → Romania5351,919,438
Slovenia → Romania5331,305,080
Italy → Greece5324,092,803
Netherlands → Denmark5223,120,134
Italy → Croatia5111,886,946
Germany → Croatia5052,402,238
Italy → Portugal5042,214,506
Hungary → Belgium5031,205,045
Hungary → Germany4991,522,561
Poland → Lithuania4991,813,639
Netherlands → Greece4992,427,265
Ireland → Czechia4869,500,410
Poland → Greece4801,509,220
Bulgaria → Belgium464810,415
Greece → Cyprus462374,876
Poland → Finland4601,740,884
Hungary → Czechia4571,211,985
Slovenia → Belgium4512,638,563
Denmark → Poland4442,736,637
Belgium → Luxembourg4381,168,787
Austria → Czechia4352,022,567
Austria → Poland4332,133,430

Non-EU partners, 2025

The ten largest non-EU suppliers and customers; arrows from the partner to the EU (imports) or from the EU to the partner (exports), width proportional to the square root of mass.

ImportsExports
Figure 5. EU-27 imports by country of origin – Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary), 2025 top 10 partners, tonnes
EU-27 imports by country of origin – Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary), 2025 EU-27 imports from outside the EU in 2025: the 10 largest suppliers account for 97.1% of mass; largest: China 35.1%, Vietnam 26.1%, United Arab Emirates 9.2%. Türkiye → EU-27: 4,531 t (EUR 12.1 million; 1.5% of extra-EU imports)North Macedonia → EU-27: 6,190 t (EUR 17.1 million; 2.1% of extra-EU imports)South Korea → EU-27: 7,357 t (EUR 16.0 million; 2.4% of extra-EU imports) (notional point on the map edge)India → EU-27: 8,001 t (EUR 18.8 million; 2.7% of extra-EU imports) (notional point on the map edge)United States → EU-27: 14.8 thousand t (EUR 79.3 million; 4.9% of extra-EU imports) (notional point on the map edge)United Kingdom → EU-27: 18.3 thousand t (EUR 91.5 million; 6.1% of extra-EU imports)Taiwan → EU-27: 21.2 thousand t (EUR 45.9 million; 7.0% of extra-EU imports) (notional point on the map edge)United Arab Emirates → EU-27: 27.8 thousand t (EUR 74.1 million; 9.2% of extra-EU imports) (notional point on the map edge)Vietnam → EU-27: 78.6 thousand t (EUR 232 million; 26.1% of extra-EU imports) (notional point on the map edge)China → EU-27: 106 thousand t (EUR 341 million; 35.1% of extra-EU imports) (notional point on the map edge) EU-27 EU-27 China → EU-27: 106 thousand t (EUR 341 million; 35.1% of extra-EU imports) (notional point on the map edge) 1. China* · 105.79k t Vietnam → EU-27: 78.6 thousand t (EUR 232 million; 26.1% of extra-EU imports) (notional point on the map edge) 2. Vietnam* · 78.59k t United Arab Emirates → EU-27: 27.8 thousand t (EUR 74.1 million; 9.2% of extra-EU imports) (notional point on the map edge) 3. United Arab Emirates* · 27.80k t Taiwan → EU-27: 21.2 thousand t (EUR 45.9 million; 7.0% of extra-EU imports) (notional point on the map edge) 4. Taiwan* · 21.16k t United Kingdom → EU-27: 18.3 thousand t (EUR 91.5 million; 6.1% of extra-EU imports) 5. United Kingdom · 18.34k t United States → EU-27: 14.8 thousand t (EUR 79.3 million; 4.9% of extra-EU imports) (notional point on the map edge) 6. United States* · 14.79k t India → EU-27: 8,001 t (EUR 18.8 million; 2.7% of extra-EU imports) (notional point on the map edge) 7. India* · 8.00k t South Korea → EU-27: 7,357 t (EUR 16.0 million; 2.4% of extra-EU imports) (notional point on the map edge) 8. South Korea* · 7.36k t North Macedonia → EU-27: 6,190 t (EUR 17.1 million; 2.1% of extra-EU imports) 9. North Macedonia · 6.19k t Türkiye → EU-27: 4,531 t (EUR 12.1 million; 1.5% of extra-EU imports) 10. Türkiye · 4.53k t
  1. China* · 106 thousand t
  2. Vietnam* · 78.6 thousand t
  3. United Arab Emirates* · 27.8 thousand t
  4. Taiwan* · 21.2 thousand t
  5. United Kingdom · 18.3 thousand t
  6. United States* · 14.8 thousand t
  7. India* · 8,001 t
  8. South Korea* · 7,357 t
  9. North Macedonia · 6,190 t
  10. Türkiye · 4,531 t

Arrow from/to the EU-27 point (notional centre of the EU area); number – rank and mass100 thousand t20.0 thousand t2,000 t * country outside the frame – notional point on the map edge in the direction from the EU; arrow direction notional

Source: Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (class CN8 codes, EU-27); compiled by ai-waw.com – products dataset 2.2. Shares and concentration – of extra-EU trade mass (including unspecified partners). Base map: Natural Earth (public domain), Lambert conformal conic projection.
Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (annual data) – latest data: 2025; retrieved: 2026-11-04; next update: 2027-02 (period 2026)

CSV (all years) JSON Metadata Link
Figure data (table)
EU-27 imports by country of origin – Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary), 2025
#CountryMass (t)Value (EUR)Share (%)
1China105,789340,874,02435.1
2Vietnam78,593231,673,03626.1
3United Arab Emirates27,79574,085,4299.2
4Taiwan21,15645,926,3857.0
5United Kingdom18,33891,462,7536.1
6United States14,79079,250,2164.9
7India8,00118,783,1612.7
8South Korea7,35716,014,6642.4
9North Macedonia6,19017,102,9282.1
10Türkiye4,53112,085,7101.5

Non-EU suppliers, 2025

HHI (mass with an identified country) 2,125 · top three 70.3% · partners: 58 · mass with an identified country 100.0%

Non-EU suppliers
CountryMass (t)Share (%)
China105,789 35.1
Vietnam78,593 26.1
United Arab Emirates27,795 9.2
Taiwan21,156 7.0
United Kingdom18,338 6.1
United States14,790 4.9
India8,001 2.7
South Korea7,357 2.4
North Macedonia6,190 2.1
Türkiye4,531 1.5

Fastest growing, 2020 → 2025

  • United Arab Emirates 16,456 → 27,795 t (+68.9%)
  • India 5,301 → 8,001 t (+50.9%)
  • North Macedonia 4,320 → 6,190 t (+43.3%)
  • Türkiye 3,577 → 4,531 t (+26.7%)
  • South Korea 7,352 → 7,357 t (+0.1%)

Fastest declining, 2020 → 2025

  • United Kingdom 24,803 → 18,338 t (−26.1%)
  • Taiwan 26,311 → 21,156 t (−19.6%)
  • Philippines 4,315 → 3,713 t (−14.0%)
  • China 118,834 → 105,789 t (−11.0%)
  • Vietnam 87,696 → 78,593 t (−10.4%)

Change for partners with at least 3,211 t in 2020 (threshold: the larger of 100 t and 1% of extra-EU mass); HHI – sum of squared shares (0–10,000).

Non-EU customers, 2025

HHI (mass with an identified country) 751 · top three 40.1% · partners: 173 · mass with an identified country 99.9%

Non-EU customers
CountryMass (t)Share (%)
United States37,083 18.1
United Kingdom32,610 15.9
Türkiye12,749 6.2
Switzerland10,578 5.2
Australia9,341 4.5
Saudi Arabia9,293 4.5
Israel6,507 3.2
Canada6,270 3.1
United Arab Emirates5,566 2.7
Singapore4,499 2.2

Fastest growing, 2020 → 2025

  • Saudi Arabia 6,250 → 9,293 t (+48.7%)
  • Australia 7,442 → 9,341 t (+25.5%)
  • Türkiye 10,533 → 12,749 t (+21.0%)

Fastest declining, 2020 → 2025

  • Russia 62,344 → 43 t (−99.9%)
  • Argentina 3,559 → 767 t (−78.5%)
  • Nigeria 3,482 → 762 t (−78.1%)
  • Malaysia 3,653 → 1,450 t (−60.3%)
  • Egypt 6,418 → 2,743 t (−57.3%)

New partners

  • India 4,224 t
  • Colombia 3,005 t
  • Mexico 2,817 t
  • Brazil 2,429 t
  • Algeria 2,337 t

Change for partners with at least 3,086 t in 2020 (threshold: the larger of 100 t and 1% of extra-EU mass); HHI – sum of squared shares (0–10,000).

Product chain

Place of the class in the processing chain: unwrought metal, preceding classes, the class, following classes and scrap. Nodes are classes of the dictionary (links); the current class – in the accent colour.

Figure 6. Product chain – Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary)
Product chain – Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary) Chain of the class “Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary)”: preceding classes – Antimonial unwrought lead (PbSb alloys), Other unwrought lead and lead alloys (PbCa, PbSn, bullion lead), Lead oxides (litharge, red lead); following classes – –. Preceding classes Antimonial unwrought lead (PbSb alloys) (CN 7801 91 00) Antimonial unwrought lead (PbSb alloys) CN 7801 91 00 Other unwrought lead and lead alloys (PbCa, PbSn, bullion lead) (CN 7801 99 10, 7801 99 90) Other unwrought lead and lead alloys (PbCa… CN 7801 99 10 + 1 Lead oxides (litharge, red lead) (CN 2824 10 00, 2824 90 00) Lead oxides (litharge, red lead) CN 2824 10 00 + 1 Class Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary) (CN 8507 20 20, 8507 20 80) Other lead-acid batteries (traction,… CN 8507 20 20 + 1 Scrap lead scrap (CN 7802) lead scrap CN 7802

The scheme orders the classes of the dictionary by processing stage (family rules in the portal code: same material, a derived product after the non-derived one; links named explicitly – e.g. cans from can stock, die castings from casting alloys, coated steel from galvanizing alloys, lead sheet and oxides from refined lead, lead-acid batteries from lead alloys and lead oxide); an arrow does not mean deliveries between specific plants. Feed and scrap – CN headings of the metal, not dictionary classes (lead – scrap only: unwrought lead is in the dictionary classes).

CSV (all years) JSON Metadata Link
Figure data (table)
Product chain – Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary)
NameStageCN
Antimonial unwrought lead (PbSb alloys)Preceding classes 7801 91 00
Other unwrought lead and lead alloys (PbCa, PbSn, bullion lead)Preceding classes 7801 99 10 7801 99 90
Lead oxides (litharge, red lead)Preceding classes 2824 10 00 2824 90 00
Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary)Class 8507 20 20 8507 20 80
lead scrapScrap 7802

Figure 7. Map of plants

Map of Europe with plants – Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary) Plants on the map: 2. Produced – 2 (accent marker), planned production – 0 (hollow marker), production ended – 0 (neutral marker). Bielsko-Biała – motive power battery production, Bielsko-Biała – EnerSys Sp. z o.o. (produced)Śródka – industrial battery production, Śródka – HOPPECKE Baterie Polska Sp. z o.o. (produced)
produced (2) planned production (0) production ended (0)

Source: ai-waw.com Companies register (entries from primary documents), as of 2026-11-04, version 2.49. plants without coordinates are not on the map. Base map: Natural Earth (public domain). Location of some plants: © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL).

CSV (all years) JSON Metadata

Producers

Each entry from a primary document (class A/B/C and document page), with the verification date and the entity controlling the plant (GLEIF Level 2 or company documents).

2
producing plants (incl. outside the EU) of which in the EU-27: 2
2
companies
1
countries
–
non-EU control – plants in the EU-27

Corporate groups (a company without a group counted separately): 2
Non-EU control – plants in the EU-27: 0 of 0 plants with an established controller (2 of 2 producing plants are in the EU-27; plants outside the EU are out of scope of the indicator; ownership control logic and area).
No document states a capacity for this class – no sum is computed.

Compare the first 2 producers

Plant entries: 2.

CSV JSON Metadata

Producers – Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary)
PlantCompanyGroup StatusAlloysSource VerifiedController
Bielsko-Biała – motive power battery production Bielsko-Biała, Poland compare EnerSys Sp. z o.o. – produced – B EnerSys group website – Bielsko-Biała plant: motive power batteries, 2 V cells (enersys.com) not established
Śródka – industrial battery production Śródka, Poland compare HOPPECKE Baterie Polska Sp. z o.o. – produced – B HOPPECKE – “New production site in Europe for the new grid | Xtreme series” (22.02.2022): grid | Xtreme VRLA stationary batteries from the new plant in Poland not established

Alloys and standards

Materials, product standards and synonyms of this class from the alloy and standard glossary.

The glossary has no materials of this class with a documented basis yet.

Product standards

Synonyms

PL
akumulatory ołowiowe trakcyjne · baterie ołowiowe stacjonarne · akumulatory kwasowo-ołowiowe ogólnego zastosowania · akumulator trakcyjny · bateria stacjonarna · bateria kwasowo-ołowiowa
EN
lead-acid traction batteries · stationary lead-acid batteries · general purpose lead-acid batteries · traction battery · stationary battery · lead-acid battery
DE
Blei-Akkumulatoren, mit flüssigem Elektrolyt arbeitend (ausg. ausgebrauchte sowie Starterbatterien) (CN label (DE)) · Blei-Akkumulatoren, mit nichtflüssigem Elektrolyt arbeitend (ausg. ausgebrauchte sowie Starterbatterien) (CN label (DE)) · Blei-Antriebsbatterien · Antriebsbatterie · Traktionsakkumulator · Ortsfeste Blei-Akkumulatoren · ortsfeste Batterie · Bleibatterien für allgemeine Anwendungen · Bleiakkumulator

Full alloy and standard glossary →

Related

Data freshness

Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (annual data)
latest data: 2025 · retrieved: 2026-11-04 · next update: 2027-02 (period 2026) full year 2026 – after the December data release (February 2027); annual data may be revised in later releases
Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (monthly data)
latest data: 2026-08 (intra-EU: 2026-07) · retrieved: 2026-11-04 · next update: 2026-11-13 (period 2026-09)
Eurostat, PRODCOM DS-059358, DS-059367
latest data: 2025 · retrieved: 2026-11-04 · next update: 2027-07 (period 2026) first release of annual data in mid-July of the following year; revisions – mid-month (ESMS metadata prom_esms, item 8.1)

How to cite

ai-waw.com (2026). Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary) – product profile: EU-27 trade, PRODCOM production and producers. Products dataset 2.2 (2026-11-04), class revision 1, SHA-256 5e3843e68b64…; https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-battery-other

BibTeX RIS

Dataset edition
2.2 (4 November 2026)
Dataset SHA-256
5e3843e68b648d953493cc5197b2fc55d797056c8187aa9e1cc561e6c9656376
Class revision
1 (4 November 2026) f0a6bd0bcb0e80b252796c86c7bea1a2560aca7339a819803aa7710bf6078a83

The citation states the products dataset edition, build date, SHA-256 of the dataset content and the class revision – the same figure may differ in a new edition (Eurostat revisions).

Method note

Entry only from a primary document
A class is assigned to a plant only when a primary document names it – a product data sheet, an annual report, a register or a company page describing the product – with the document page and a reliability class (A, B or C). Press and company directories without a company document are not a basis for an entry.
Assignment from a location document
When a company document describes the product and only a location page points to the plant, the assignment of the product to the plant is an inference – the source then has class C and the entry awaits confirmation by a plant document.
“Full range” is not an entry
A general claim (“full range of copper products”) without the class, dimensions or alloys does not create an entry. A plant without an entry may make the class – the register does not know.
Capacity only from a document
Class capacity (kt) – only when a document states it; no estimates and no split of a whole plant’s capacity into classes. The sum covers only plants with a stated capacity and is a lower bound – always given with the number of plants it covers.
Entry status
Produced, planned production (investment announced in a document), production ended. A closed plant – production ended. Key figures – “produced” only.
Ownership control
The entity controlling the plant and its country – as in Ownership control (GLEIF Level 2, GLEIF exceptions, groups from company documents). The non-EU share is computed only among producers located in the EU-27 with an established controller (as the default area of Ownership control); a plant outside the EU – e.g. in Türkiye, the United Kingdom, Switzerland or Serbia – is out of scope of the indicator, although it counts among plants and countries.
Trade and production
Eurostat Comext: EU-27 extra-EU and intra-EU trade (arrivals reported by EU countries), CN codes of the class (sum of the codes), tonnes and euro, 2005–2025 plus the current incomplete year (hollow marker, no line); sold production – PRODCOM (a code may cover several classes); apparent consumption = production + extra-EU imports − extra-EU exports within the PRODCOM code scope. A CN code may cover products of other classes (e.g. rods and sections in one code) – trade describes CN codes, not the plants of the register.
Metals kept apart
Each class belongs to one metal (aluminium, copper, lead, zinc). Each metal has its own page; the metals share a family layout – five semi-finished product families (wire rod and wire; bars and sections; plate, sheet and strip; foil; tubes), families outside semi-finished products (unwrought alloys – feedstock, powders and dust, chemical compounds, anodes and other articles – currently zinc and lead only; unwrought metal – refined lead) and derived products; split by material within a family. A family without classes of a metal shows “–” with a description in the comparison table. Header figures and trade totals are given separately for each metal – tonnes of different metals are never added up. Derived products (e.g. winding wire, structures, cans, stranded wire, zinc-coated steel, die castings) are marked and are not semi-finished products; tonnes of coated steel are the mass of the product, not of zinc, and tonnes of lead-acid batteries are battery mass, not lead. A class outside the metal trade total (coated steel, zinc oxide, die castings without a CN code, lead oxides, batteries) carries a note with the reason.
Counterpart in the other metal
A copper ↔ aluminium substitution pair (e.g. wire, coiled tubes, strip, stranded wire) comes from the dictionary field or from the portal map of pairs. The comparison shows the figures of both classes side by side, without a total, and the application sentence has no figures; a pair does not mean interchangeability in every application.
Links by metal
Copper classes have a form in the R02 forecast and the EU copper flow analysis; aluminium classes – the EU aluminium flow analysis and the country analyses; zinc classes – the EU zinc flow analysis and the country analysis for Poland; lead classes – the country analysis for Poland (the R01 and R02 forecasts cover copper only). An analysis link given with the class takes precedence.
Dataset scope
The dataset covers copper and aluminium semi-finished products and their alloys, and zinc products (titanium-zinc sheet, unwrought alloys, powders and dust, anodes, derived products) and lead products (refined lead, unwrought alloys, sheet, powders, other articles, lead oxides and lead-acid batteries) at plants of the Companies register. Counts of plants, countries and groups and the capacity sum are a lower bound of the market – they grow with further documents.

Pages and Markdown are open to text and data mining with attribution; JSON data – like the other JSON data of the register – are reserved as a database compilation. Trade data: Eurostat (reuse with attribution).

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