# Lead-acid starter batteries

Article containing lead (derived): lead-acid batteries for starting piston engines – working with liquid electrolyte (8507 10 20) and others, e.g. with electrolyte absorbed in separators (AGM) or gel (8507 10 80); lead and lead alloys form the grids, plates, connectors and active mass of the electrodes. Trade mass is the mass of batteries, not of lead – outside the lead articles trade total; the PRODCOM quantity is not a mass. Excluding spent batteries (scrap).

- Metal: Lead
- Family: Derived products (Lead-acid batteries) · Lead and lead alloys · derived product – https://ai-waw.com/en/products/lead#rodzina-derived
- Derived product: Derived product (lead oxides, lead-acid batteries – articles containing lead) – not a CN chapter 78 lead product; plants and trade of the class are given separately, never combined with lead tonnes.
- Product mass: Article containing lead – lead-acid batteries: trade tonnes are the mass of the batteries (including cases and electrolyte), not their lead content; they are neither compared with nor added to lead tonnes.
- CN: 8507 10 20, 8507 10 80
- PRODCOM: 27.20.21.11, 27.20.21.21
- Data as of: 2026-11-04, version 2.49
- Page: https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-battery-starter
- JSON: https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-battery-starter.json

## Producers – key figures

- producing plants (incl. outside the EU): 3 (of which in the EU-27: 3)
- companies: 3
- countries: 1
- Corporate groups (a company without a group counted separately): 3
- non-EU control – plants in the EU-27: – – Non-EU control – plants in the EU-27: 0 of 0 plants with an established controller (3 of 3 producing plants are in the EU-27; plants outside the EU are out of scope of the indicator; ownership control logic and area).
- documented capacity (lower bound): No document states a capacity for this class – no sum is computed.

Figures cover entries “produced”; planned and ended – separately. Figures are a lower bound: a plant without a document naming the class is not entered.

## Producers

| Plant | Company | Group | Country | Status | Alloys | Source | Verified | Controller |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mielec – starter battery production (Mielec) | [AUTOPART S.A.](https://ai-waw.com/en/companies/autopart-s-a.md) | – | Poland | produced | – | [B] Company website – Polish battery maker: Mielec factory, batteries for cars and vans, trucks and buses, tractors and machinery (autopart.pl) – https://autopart.pl/polski-producent-akumulatorow | 2026-11-04 | – |
| Chodzież – starter battery production (Chodzież) | [Jenox Akumulatory Sp. z o.o.](https://ai-waw.com/en/companies/jenox-akumulatory-sp-z-o-o.md) | – | Poland | produced | – | [B] Company website – lead-acid battery maker: batteries for cars and trucks, AGM, EFB and SHD series (jenox-akumulatory.pl) – https://www.jenox-akumulatory.pl/pl/start | 2026-11-04 | – |
| Piastów – starter battery production (Piastów) | [ZAP Sznajder Batterien S.A.](https://ai-waw.com/en/companies/zap-sznajder-batterien-s-a.md) | – | Poland | produced | – | [B] Company website – about us: starter batteries (including AGM, AFB, EFB) for cars, trucks, motorcycles and machinery (zap.pl) – https://zap.pl/pl-o-firmie | 2026-11-04 | – |

- Producer list – data files: [CSV](https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-battery-starter/data/producers.csv) · [JSON](https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-battery-starter/data/producers.json) · [Metadata](https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-battery-starter/data/producers.metadata.json)

## Key figures of the class, 2025

- **Extra-EU imports, 2025**: 270 thousand t (EUR 744 million)
- **Extra-EU exports, 2025**: 438 thousand t (EUR 1.41 billion)
- **Intra-EU arrivals, 2025**: 1.37 million t (EUR 3.74 billion) – arrivals reported by EU countries; intra-EU dispatches: 1.59 million t
- **EU-27 production (PRODCOM), 2025**: – (EUR 4.95 billion) – no figure (a gap, not zero)
- **Plants and countries**: 3 plants (countries: 1) – producing plants according to primary documents (a lower bound)
- **Rank among lead classes, 2025**: – – class outside the metal trade total – no rank

In 2025 EU-27 imports from outside the EU amounted to 270 thousand t (EUR 744 million) and exports to 438 thousand t (EUR 1.41 billion); the mass balance was +168 thousand t (export surplus). Intra-EU arrivals (reported by EU countries) – 1.37 million t. Main non-EU suppliers: South Korea (29.3%), China (21.8%) and Türkiye (14.6%). Main non-EU customers: United States (17.3%), United Kingdom (16.9%) and Türkiye (10.2%). Between 2015 and 2025 import mass changed by +35.8% and export mass by +27.9%. EU-27 sold production value according to PRODCOM (codes 27.20.21.11, 27.20.21.21) in 2025: EUR 4.95 billion; quantity – confidential or not available.

## What you should know about this data

- The class covers CN codes 8507 10 20, 8507 10 80 (CN 2026).
- CN changes in 2005–2025: the series links predecessor codes whose whole scope lies within the class – 8507 10 10 (2005), 8507 10 31 (2005), 8507 10 39 (2005), 8507 10 81 (2005), 8507 10 89 (2005), 8507 10 41 (2006–2010), 8507 10 49 (2006–2010), 8507 10 92 (2006–2010), 8507 10 98 (2006–2010) (Eurostat CN8 predecessor–successor table).
- PRODCOM (sold production, 27.20.21.11, 27.20.21.21): EU-27 quantity in 2019–2023 is a Eurostat estimate (E); EU-27 quantity in 2019, 2022–2024 rounded by Eurostat (R; value ± rounding base); country data with an unreliable unit value (X; quantity or value without a figure): DK 2022–2023; years without EU-27 quantity: 2005–2018, 2025 (confidentiality, no code or an unreliable value – a gap, not zero; the series does not link PRODCOM list changes before 2024 – years before the code was introduced have no figure); quantity in unit p/st – not converted to tonnes; years up to 2024 – PRODCOM 2024 codes (27.20.21.11 ← 27.20.21.10, 27.20.21.21 ← 27.20.21.20).
- Unit value (EUR/t) is the ratio of trade value to mass – it depends on the product mix, metal content and partner structure; it is not a market price.
- Outside the lead products trade total: trade mass is the mass of batteries, not of lead.

## EU-27 trade, 2005–2025

EU-27 imports and exports – with non-EU countries or within the EU (arrivals reported by EU countries and their dispatches to other EU countries) – in tonnes, euro or as unit value; the current year – monthly data (incomplete year).

| Year | Imports (t) – extra-EU | Exports (t) – extra-EU | Imports (EUR) | Exports (EUR) | Imports (t) – intra-EU | Exports (t) – intra-EU | Import unit value (EUR/t) | Export unit value (EUR/t) |
|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| 2005 | 132,833 | 220,441 | 222,176,168 | 347,260,565 | 600,785 | 688,202 | 1,673 | 1,575 |
| 2006 | 135,118 | 164,614 | 249,226,393 | 377,645,778 | 438,943 | 305,964 | 1,845 | 2,294 |
| 2007 | 139,674 | 153,557 | 310,139,815 | 448,301,017 | 421,349 | 288,470 | 2,220 | 2,919 |
| 2008 | 148,807 | 165,760 | 373,551,317 | 469,897,641 | 397,075 | 425,551 | 2,510 | 2,835 |
| 2009 | 144,868 | 156,067 | 304,858,426 | 378,290,326 | 431,350 | 676,881 | 2,104 | 2,424 |
| 2010 | 176,852 | 244,814 | 429,261,992 | 556,564,462 | 700,845 | 903,173 | 2,427 | 2,273 |
| 2011 | 182,781 | 248,191 | 461,398,764 | 630,027,968 | 729,852 | 843,945 | 2,524 | 2,538 |
| 2012 | 167,156 | 267,875 | 449,690,991 | 693,283,978 | 765,040 | 850,779 | 2,690 | 2,588 |
| 2013 | 176,665 | 304,157 | 440,550,300 | 800,027,737 | 777,238 | 958,104 | 2,494 | 2,630 |
| 2014 | 193,715 | 307,106 | 431,878,204 | 798,319,739 | 790,425 | 972,210 | 2,229 | 2,599 |
| 2015 | 198,852 | 342,299 | 492,155,191 | 871,356,278 | 939,621 | 1,088,743 | 2,475 | 2,546 |
| 2016 | 188,269 | 399,196 | 460,092,827 | 998,327,518 | 1,035,458 | 1,182,231 | 2,444 | 2,501 |
| 2017 | 203,721 | 462,551 | 529,087,708 | 1,282,162,043 | 1,083,006 | 1,235,338 | 2,597 | 2,772 |
| 2018 | 194,218 | 425,365 | 528,796,439 | 1,169,323,561 | 1,099,767 | 1,200,609 | 2,723 | 2,749 |
| 2019 | 203,905 | 450,973 | 544,173,204 | 1,195,210,809 | 1,112,768 | 1,498,313 | 2,669 | 2,650 |
| 2020 | 211,604 | 440,110 | 514,814,801 | 1,130,370,510 | 1,045,518 | 1,204,394 | 2,433 | 2,568 |
| 2021 | 252,467 | 500,828 | 634,793,943 | 1,339,646,630 | 1,243,510 | 1,439,225 | 2,514 | 2,675 |
| 2022 | 216,565 | 479,919 | 682,508,476 | 1,433,732,121 | 1,272,337 | 1,230,973 | 3,152 | 2,987 |
| 2023 | 220,311 | 416,619 | 609,468,157 | 1,341,881,522 | 1,212,807 | 1,378,961 | 2,766 | 3,221 |
| 2024 | 277,785 | 427,483 | 767,696,482 | 1,395,834,245 | 1,404,975 | 1,627,222 | 2,764 | 3,265 |
| 2025 | 270,093 | 437,859 | 744,339,245 | 1,406,404,684 | 1,370,768 | 1,593,904 | 2,756 | 3,212 |
| 2026 (2026-01/2026-08) | 174,975 | 261,725 | 470,083,325 | 865,939,772 | 811,789 | 832,380 | 2,687 | 3,309 |

Empty places in the series are gaps (no figure – e.g. a CN code shared with other classes or confidential data), not zeros; figures break the line there.
- Data files: [CSV](https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-battery-starter/data/trade.csv) · [JSON](https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-battery-starter/data/trade.json) · [Metadata](https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-battery-starter/data/trade.metadata.json)

## PRODCOM production and apparent consumption

EU-27 sold production according to PRODCOM (codes 27.20.21.11, 27.20.21.21) and apparent consumption = production + extra-EU imports − extra-EU exports. Eurostat flags above the bars: E – estimate, R – rounded value; C – confidential value (no bar, not filled in).

| Year | Sold production (pcs) | Quantity flag | Value (EUR) | Apparent consumption (t) |
|---:|---:|---|---:|---:|
| 2005 | gap |  | – | – |
| 2006 | gap |  | – | – |
| 2007 | gap |  | – | – |
| 2008 | gap |  | – | – |
| 2009 | gap |  | – | – |
| 2010 | gap |  | – | – |
| 2011 | gap |  | – | – |
| 2012 | gap |  | – | – |
| 2013 | gap |  | – | – |
| 2014 | gap |  | – | – |
| 2015 | gap |  | – | – |
| 2016 | gap |  | – | – |
| 2017 | gap |  | – | – |
| 2018 | gap |  | – | – |
| 2019 | 92,587,337 | ER | 4,275,124,306 | – |
| 2020 | 81,690,320 | E | 3,546,029,561 | – |
| 2021 | 103,285,158 | E | 4,551,887,046 | – |
| 2022 | 91,485,634 | ER | 4,658,518,203 | – |
| 2023 | 96,280,405 | ER | 5,064,112,509 | – |
| 2024 | 101,000,000 | R | 5,044,455,706 | – |
| 2025 | gap |  | 4,952,179,981 | – |

Apparent consumption not computed: PRODCOM quantity in a non-mass unit (p/st) – not converted to tonnes.
- Data files: [CSV](https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-battery-starter/data/production.csv) · [JSON](https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-battery-starter/data/production.json) · [Metadata](https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-battery-starter/data/production.metadata.json)

## EU-27 countries, 2025

Mass balance of EU-27 countries in 2025: largest export surplus – Germany (+224 thousand t), largest import surplus – France (−198 thousand t).

| Country | Imports (t) | Exports (t) | Balance (t) | Share of EU-27 imports (%) | Share of EU-27 exports (%) |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| Germany (DE) | 230,768 | 454,484 | 223,716 | 14.1 | 22.4 |
| Spain (ES) | 160,325 | 364,738 | 204,413 | 9.8 | 18.0 |
| Czechia (CZ) | 90,288 | 274,200 | 183,912 | 5.5 | 13.5 |
| Austria (AT) | 26,400 | 88,493 | 62,093 | 1.6 | 4.4 |
| Slovenia (SI) | 31,859 | 71,908 | 40,049 | 1.9 | 3.5 |
| Poland (PL) | 127,187 | 161,943 | 34,756 | 7.8 | 8.0 |
| Bulgaria (BG) | 14,407 | 48,915 | 34,508 | 0.9 | 2.4 |
| Netherlands (NL) | 132,831 | 156,872 | 24,042 | 8.1 | 7.7 |
| Romania (RO) | 33,473 | 38,363 | 4,890 | 2.0 | 1.9 |
| Hungary (HU) | 21,272 | 20,330 | -942 | 1.3 | 1.0 |
| Malta (MT) | 1,041 | 1 | -1,040 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
| Luxembourg (LU) | 2,989 | 421 | -2,568 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
| Latvia (LV) | 4,393 | 771 | -3,621 | 0.3 | 0.0 |
| Estonia (EE) | 4,026 | 98 | -3,928 | 0.3 | 0.0 |
| Cyprus (CY) | 4,508 | 14 | -4,493 | 0.3 | 0.0 |
| Ireland (IE) | 13,060 | 5,302 | -7,758 | 0.8 | 0.3 |
| Lithuania (LT) | 9,155 | 1,394 | -7,761 | 0.6 | 0.1 |
| Denmark (DK) | 23,052 | 11,870 | -11,183 | 1.4 | 0.6 |
| Croatia (HR) | 18,041 | 4,241 | -13,800 | 1.1 | 0.2 |
| Finland (FI) | 17,049 | 1,534 | -15,515 | 1.0 | 0.1 |
| Belgium (BE) | 49,112 | 32,331 | -16,780 | 3.0 | 1.6 |
| Italy (IT) | 172,304 | 151,277 | -21,027 | 10.5 | 7.5 |
| Slovakia (SK) | 28,867 | 3,730 | -25,136 | 1.8 | 0.2 |
| Sweden (SE) | 43,380 | 15,609 | -27,771 | 2.6 | 0.8 |
| Greece (GR) | 30,159 | 1,399 | -28,760 | 1.8 | 0.1 |
| Portugal (PT) | 33,582 | 2,402 | -31,180 | 2.1 | 0.1 |
| France (FR) | 317,336 | 119,124 | -198,212 | 19.3 | 5.9 |

## EU-27 countries, 2015

Mass balance of EU-27 countries in 2015: largest export surplus – Spain (+162 thousand t), largest import surplus – France (−163 thousand t).

| Country | Imports (t) | Exports (t) | Balance (t) | Share of EU-27 imports (%) | Share of EU-27 exports (%) |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|
| Spain (ES) | 69,705 | 231,543 | 161,837 | 6.1 | 16.2 |
| Czechia (CZ) | 57,619 | 216,362 | 158,743 | 5.1 | 15.1 |
| Germany (DE) | 208,467 | 307,578 | 99,111 | 18.3 | 21.5 |
| Poland (PL) | 63,951 | 123,542 | 59,591 | 5.6 | 8.6 |
| Italy (IT) | 109,542 | 154,100 | 44,557 | 9.6 | 10.8 |
| Austria (AT) | 29,696 | 72,426 | 42,730 | 2.6 | 5.1 |
| Bulgaria (BG) | 7,367 | 49,687 | 42,321 | 0.7 | 3.5 |
| Slovenia (SI) | 16,663 | 47,640 | 30,977 | 1.5 | 3.3 |
| Romania (RO) | 19,062 | 26,930 | 7,869 | 1.7 | 1.9 |
| Belgium (BE) | 47,422 | 49,284 | 1,862 | 4.2 | 3.4 |
| Malta (MT) | 597 | 162 | -435 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
| Luxembourg (LU) | 1,389 | 120 | -1,270 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
| Estonia (EE) | 1,896 | 133 | -1,763 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
| Cyprus (CY) | 2,628 | 124 | -2,504 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
| Latvia (LV) | 3,433 | 589 | -2,844 | 0.3 | 0.0 |
| Ireland (IE) | 4,060 | 885 | -3,175 | 0.4 | 0.1 |
| Lithuania (LT) | 6,682 | 1,245 | -5,438 | 0.6 | 0.1 |
| Denmark (DK) | 13,669 | 5,500 | -8,168 | 1.2 | 0.4 |
| Croatia (HR) | 9,521 | 1,072 | -8,448 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Portugal (PT) | 18,631 | 2,111 | -16,520 | 1.6 | 0.2 |
| Finland (FI) | 17,430 | 555 | -16,875 | 1.5 | 0.0 |
| Greece (GR) | 20,774 | 2,123 | -18,652 | 1.8 | 0.2 |
| Hungary (HU) | 28,568 | 7,182 | -21,385 | 2.5 | 0.5 |
| Slovakia (SK) | 23,643 | 559 | -23,084 | 2.1 | 0.0 |
| Sweden (SE) | 34,989 | 9,629 | -25,361 | 3.1 | 0.7 |
| Netherlands (NL) | 69,904 | 31,564 | -38,340 | 6.1 | 2.2 |
| France (FR) | 251,167 | 88,397 | -162,770 | 22.1 | 6.2 |
- Data files: [CSV](https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-battery-starter/data/countries.csv) · [JSON](https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-battery-starter/data/countries.json) · [Metadata](https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-battery-starter/data/countries.metadata.json)

## Intra-EU flows, 2025

129 of 512 flows shown (95.0% of mass) Arrivals without a stated country of consignment (confidential): 263 t – not on the map.

| From country | To country | Mass (t) | Value (EUR) |
|---|---|---:|---:|
| Spain | France | 84,718 | 211,137,893 |
| Germany | Netherlands | 69,409 | 105,171,718 |
| Germany | France | 68,905 | 175,445,327 |
| Czechia | Germany | 58,014 | 153,675,033 |
| Germany | Czechia | 51,707 | 148,991,661 |
| Spain | Italy | 50,047 | 121,008,901 |
| Czechia | France | 49,359 | 102,969,313 |
| Germany | Spain | 44,562 | 136,620,456 |
| Czechia | Poland | 30,642 | 75,772,255 |
| Poland | Germany | 29,416 | 78,137,657 |
| Spain | Poland | 25,780 | 65,774,766 |
| Germany | Poland | 25,753 | 84,477,215 |
| Czechia | Spain | 25,565 | 50,640,566 |
| Czechia | Italy | 23,796 | 58,264,214 |
| Austria | Germany | 23,429 | 67,146,599 |
| Italy | France | 23,101 | 56,935,657 |
| France | Germany | 23,052 | 61,269,685 |
| Spain | Portugal | 21,797 | 71,418,433 |
| Spain | Germany | 20,439 | 43,799,545 |
| Slovenia | Spain | 17,019 | 40,040,992 |
Other flows (109) – in the figure CSV file.

## Intra-EU flows, 2015

117 of 454 flows shown (95.1% of mass) Arrivals without a stated country of consignment (confidential): 0.5 t – not on the map.

| From country | To country | Mass (t) | Value (EUR) |
|---|---|---:|---:|
| Spain | France | 70,639 | 136,925,768 |
| Spain | Germany | 48,708 | 81,015,999 |
| Czechia | France | 44,480 | 79,908,340 |
| Czechia | Germany | 42,935 | 95,139,715 |
| Spain | Italy | 39,399 | 66,354,314 |
| Austria | Germany | 33,525 | 94,646,280 |
| Germany | France | 30,152 | 74,613,548 |
| Poland | Germany | 26,439 | 51,172,180 |
| Italy | France | 25,818 | 58,406,856 |
| Germany | Netherlands | 23,134 | 38,479,634 |
| Germany | Czechia | 22,962 | 57,031,019 |
| Czechia | Poland | 21,329 | 33,215,586 |
| Germany | Spain | 18,989 | 48,892,257 |
| Italy | Germany | 17,707 | 44,726,632 |
| Spain | Poland | 15,691 | 29,715,771 |
| Czechia | Italy | 15,460 | 27,499,516 |
| Germany | Sweden | 13,849 | 38,832,073 |
| Germany | Hungary | 12,654 | 13,326,159 |
| Spain | Portugal | 12,629 | 31,260,353 |
| Austria | France | 11,630 | 24,881,870 |
Other flows (97) – in the figure CSV file.
- Data files: [CSV](https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-battery-starter/data/intra-eu-flows.csv) · [JSON](https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-battery-starter/data/intra-eu-flows.json) · [Metadata](https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-battery-starter/data/intra-eu-flows.metadata.json)

## Non-EU partners, 2025

### Non-EU suppliers

HHI (mass with an identified country) 1720 · top three 65.6% · partners: 56 · mass with an identified country 100.0%

| # | Country | Mass (t) | Value (EUR) | Share (%) |
|---:|---|---:|---:|---:|
| 1 | South Korea | 79,089 | 191,967,972 | 29.3 |
| 2 | China | 58,811 | 180,095,458 | 21.8 |
| 3 | Türkiye | 39,365 | 93,436,256 | 14.6 |
| 4 | North Macedonia | 28,890 | 65,501,202 | 10.7 |
| 5 | Vietnam | 10,845 | 31,274,488 | 4.0 |
| 6 | Ukraine | 9,530 | 18,607,257 | 3.5 |
| 7 | Indonesia | 9,453 | 26,273,523 | 3.5 |
| 8 | Mexico | 8,621 | 40,733,439 | 3.2 |
| 9 | Singapore | 4,194 | 7,769,793 | 1.6 |
| 10 | Tunisia | 4,154 | 9,294,881 | 1.5 |

- Fastest growing, 2020 → 2025: North Macedonia 15,824 → 28,890 t (+82.6%); China 33,246 → 58,811 t (+76.9%); Türkiye 22,875 → 39,365 t (+72.1%); South Korea 60,672 → 79,089 t (+30.4%); Tunisia 3,280 → 4,154 t (+26.7%)
- Fastest declining, 2020 → 2025: United Kingdom 14,372 → 3,420 t (−76.2%); Taiwan 6,301 → 2,195 t (−65.2%); United States 6,927 → 3,279 t (−52.7%); Ukraine 12,018 → 9,530 t (−20.7%); Vietnam 12,737 → 10,845 t (−14.9%)
- New partners: Singapore 4,194 t

### Non-EU customers

HHI (mass with an identified country) 822 · top three 44.4% · partners: 150 · mass with an identified country 99.9%

| # | Country | Mass (t) | Value (EUR) | Share (%) |
|---:|---|---:|---:|---:|
| 1 | United States | 75,705 | 250,474,354 | 17.3 |
| 2 | United Kingdom | 73,926 | 220,146,508 | 16.9 |
| 3 | Türkiye | 44,826 | 117,735,808 | 10.2 |
| 4 | South Africa | 23,991 | 70,458,070 | 5.5 |
| 5 | Ukraine | 17,805 | 52,242,741 | 4.1 |
| 6 | Morocco | 15,658 | 49,458,816 | 3.6 |
| 7 | Serbia | 14,054 | 38,777,800 | 3.2 |
| 8 | Israel | 13,759 | 38,220,213 | 3.1 |
| 9 | Canada | 12,388 | 38,173,301 | 2.8 |
| 10 | Switzerland | 11,236 | 53,949,321 | 2.6 |

- Fastest growing, 2020 → 2025: Türkiye 15,564 → 44,826 t (+188.0%); Morocco 8,733 → 15,658 t (+79.3%); United States 48,417 → 75,705 t (+56.4%); Ukraine 13,291 → 17,805 t (+34.0%); Mexico 6,390 → 7,971 t (+24.8%)
- Fastest declining, 2020 → 2025: Russia 35,638 → 0 t (−100.0%); Algeria 9,581 → 486 t (−94.9%); Saudi Arabia 25,344 → 7,840 t (−69.1%); China 9,977 → 5,380 t (−46.1%); South Korea 5,466 → 3,513 t (−35.7%)
- New partners: Canada 12,388 t; Bosnia and Herzegovina 5,711 t; Malaysia 4,886 t; North Macedonia 4,602 t

- Data files: [CSV](https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-battery-starter/data/partners.csv) · [JSON](https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-battery-starter/data/partners.json) · [Metadata](https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-battery-starter/data/partners.metadata.json)

## Product chain

Chain of the class “Lead-acid starter batteries”: preceding classes – Antimonial unwrought lead (PbSb alloys), Other unwrought lead and lead alloys (PbCa, PbSn, bullion lead), Lead oxides (litharge, red lead); following classes – –.

- **Preceding classes**: [Antimonial unwrought lead (PbSb alloys)](https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-antimonial) (CN 7801 91 00); [Other unwrought lead and lead alloys (PbCa, PbSn, bullion lead)](https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-unwrought-other) (CN 7801 99 10); [Lead oxides (litharge, red lead)](https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-oxide) (CN 2824 10 00)
- **Class**: [Lead-acid starter batteries](https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-battery-starter) (CN 8507 10 20)
- **Scrap**: lead scrap (CN 7802)

The scheme orders the classes of the dictionary by processing stage (family rules in the portal code: same material, a derived product after the non-derived one; links named explicitly – e.g. cans from can stock, die castings from casting alloys, coated steel from galvanizing alloys, lead sheet and oxides from refined lead, lead-acid batteries from lead alloys and lead oxide); an arrow does not mean deliveries between specific plants. Feed and scrap – CN headings of the metal, not dictionary classes (lead – scrap only: unwrought lead is in the dictionary classes).

## Data freshness

- Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (annual data) – latest data: 2025; retrieved: 2026-11-04; next update: 2027-02 (period 2026)
- Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (monthly data) – latest data: 2026-08 (intra-EU: 2026-07); retrieved: 2026-11-04; next update: 2026-11-13 (period 2026-09)
- Eurostat, PRODCOM DS-059358, DS-059367 – latest data: 2025; retrieved: 2026-11-04; next update: 2027-07 (period 2026)

## How to cite

> ai-waw.com (2026). Lead-acid starter batteries – product profile: EU-27 trade, PRODCOM production and producers. Products dataset 2.2 (2026-11-04), class revision 1, SHA-256 5e3843e68b64…; https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-battery-starter

- Dataset edition: 2.2 (2026-11-04)
- Dataset SHA-256: `5e3843e68b648d953493cc5197b2fc55d797056c8187aa9e1cc561e6c9656376`
- Class revision: 1 (2026-11-04), SHA-256 `e830fa33c099bae29959ba0e16b59ee96d896706b93e9b3d4e4ada345d8174e0`
- BibTeX: https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-battery-starter.bib · RIS: https://ai-waw.com/en/products/pb-battery-starter.ris

## Alloys and standards

- The glossary has no materials of this class with a documented basis yet.
- Product standards: EN 50342-1 – Lead-acid starter batteries - Part 1: General requirements and methods of test; EN 50342-2 – Lead-acid starter batteries - Part 2: Dimensions of batteries and marking of terminals
- Synonyms PL: akumulatory kwasowo-ołowiowe rozruchowe; akumulatory ołowiowe rozruchowe; akumulator rozruchowy; bateria kwasowo-ołowiowa
- Synonyms EN: lead-acid starter batteries; starter battery; lead-acid battery; lead acid battery
- Synonyms DE: Blei-Akkumulatoren von der zum Starten von Kolbenverbrennungsmotoren verwendeten Art (Starterbatterien), mit flüssigem Elektrolyt arbeitend (ausg. ausgebrauchte); Blei-Akkumulatoren von der zum Starten von Kolbenverbrennungsmotoren verwendeten Art (Starterbatterien), mit nichtflüssigem Elektrolyt arbeitend (ausg. ausgebrauchte); Blei-Akkumulatoren-Starterbatterien; Starterbatterie; Anlasserakkumulator; Bleiakkumulator; Blei-Säure-Batterie
- Full alloy and standard glossary: https://ai-waw.com/en/products/glossary.md

## Related

- Country lead flow analyses: [Lead Flows in Poland](https://ai-waw.com/en/metal-flows/lead-flows-poland.md)
- Ownership control of the producers: https://ai-waw.com/en/companies/ownership.md?produkt=pb-battery-starter
- Companies list and map filtered to this class: https://ai-waw.com/en/companies?produkt=pb-battery-starter

## Method note

- **Entry only from a primary document** – A class is assigned to a plant only when a primary document names it – a product data sheet, an annual report, a register or a company page describing the product – with the document page and a reliability class (A, B or C). Press and company directories without a company document are not a basis for an entry.
- **Assignment from a location document** – When a company document describes the product and only a location page points to the plant, the assignment of the product to the plant is an inference – the source then has class C and the entry awaits confirmation by a plant document.
- **“Full range” is not an entry** – A general claim (“full range of copper products”) without the class, dimensions or alloys does not create an entry. A plant without an entry may make the class – the register does not know.
- **Capacity only from a document** – Class capacity (kt) – only when a document states it; no estimates and no split of a whole plant’s capacity into classes. The sum covers only plants with a stated capacity and is a lower bound – always given with the number of plants it covers.
- **Entry status** – Produced, planned production (investment announced in a document), production ended. A closed plant – production ended. Key figures – “produced” only.
- **Ownership control** – The entity controlling the plant and its country – as in Ownership control (GLEIF Level 2, GLEIF exceptions, groups from company documents). The non-EU share is computed only among producers located in the EU-27 with an established controller (as the default area of Ownership control); a plant outside the EU – e.g. in Türkiye, the United Kingdom, Switzerland or Serbia – is out of scope of the indicator, although it counts among plants and countries.
- **Trade and production** – Eurostat Comext: EU-27 extra-EU and intra-EU trade (arrivals reported by EU countries), CN codes of the class (sum of the codes), tonnes and euro, 2005–2025 plus the current incomplete year (hollow marker, no line); sold production – PRODCOM (a code may cover several classes); apparent consumption = production + extra-EU imports − extra-EU exports within the PRODCOM code scope. A CN code may cover products of other classes (e.g. rods and sections in one code) – trade describes CN codes, not the plants of the register.
- **Metals kept apart** – Each class belongs to one metal (aluminium, copper, lead, zinc). Each metal has its own page; the metals share a family layout – five semi-finished product families (wire rod and wire; bars and sections; plate, sheet and strip; foil; tubes), families outside semi-finished products (unwrought alloys – feedstock, powders and dust, chemical compounds, anodes and other articles – currently zinc and lead only; unwrought metal – refined lead) and derived products; split by material within a family. A family without classes of a metal shows “–” with a description in the comparison table. Header figures and trade totals are given separately for each metal – tonnes of different metals are never added up. Derived products (e.g. winding wire, structures, cans, stranded wire, zinc-coated steel, die castings) are marked and are not semi-finished products; tonnes of coated steel are the mass of the product, not of zinc, and tonnes of lead-acid batteries are battery mass, not lead. A class outside the metal trade total (coated steel, zinc oxide, die castings without a CN code, lead oxides, batteries) carries a note with the reason.
- **Counterpart in the other metal** – A copper ↔ aluminium substitution pair (e.g. wire, coiled tubes, strip, stranded wire) comes from the dictionary field or from the portal map of pairs. The comparison shows the figures of both classes side by side, without a total, and the application sentence has no figures; a pair does not mean interchangeability in every application.
- **Links by metal** – Copper classes have a form in the R02 forecast and the EU copper flow analysis; aluminium classes – the EU aluminium flow analysis and the country analyses; zinc classes – the EU zinc flow analysis and the country analysis for Poland; lead classes – the country analysis for Poland (the R01 and R02 forecasts cover copper only). An analysis link given with the class takes precedence.
- **Dataset scope** – The dataset covers copper and aluminium semi-finished products and their alloys, and zinc products (titanium-zinc sheet, unwrought alloys, powders and dust, anodes, derived products) and lead products (refined lead, unwrought alloys, sheet, powders, other articles, lead oxides and lead-acid batteries) at plants of the Companies register. Counts of plants, countries and groups and the capacity sum are a lower bound of the market – they grow with further documents.

Pages and Markdown are open to text and data mining with attribution; JSON data – like the other JSON data of the register – are reserved as a database compilation. Trade data: Eurostat (reuse with attribution).